tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-70107814528486753432024-03-08T15:29:18.106-08:00Dinosaur writing paperTopic For An Essay About Health DisparitiesQuinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.comBlogger174125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-60225752766510671882020-08-25T05:58:00.001-07:002020-08-25T05:58:09.630-07:00Little miss sunshine Essay ExampleLittle miss daylight Essay Inside of an asss family home. The feeble dividers are a mustard shading while the entryways are beginning to tumble off their pivots. Olive stands before the full bodied mirror in the washroom after the Little Miss Sunshine magnificence event and see herself in appall. Shes wearing a light pink top and red stockings alongside her red sweatband. The hues conflict like two difficult individuals. Theres just a modest quantity of light being allowed in by the window through the tear in the shade and its sparkling right t Olive. Shes began pondering the Journey she has Just shown up once more from and its then she understands, shes not sufficient for any person or thing. Olive: I thought I was doing something worth being thankful for. I thought it would have been all beneficial. I thought I was going to win Why did you ever think you were going to win? I mean genuinely Olive, take a gander at yourself and afterward recall those other excellence event young ladies. You were in no way like them: their pleasant tans and their thin bodies, their pleasantly done-up hair and their cosmetics. You have none of that. You would never have won regardless of whether you attempted. Youre a washout and that is all youll ever be (murmurs). Olive continues taking a gander at herself in the mirror pulling at her hair and her garments The pitiful thing about it is however that the one individual you figured you could trust really was the one that let you down at long last She admires the sky as she begins discussing granddad. She paces back in forward over the room. She is beginning to solidify her tone as she goes. Whod you do it grandpa? We will compose a custom exposition test on Little miss daylight explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Little miss daylight explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Little miss daylight explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer You made me look a dolt. You made the entire family look like numb-skulls, and you werent even here to help me at long last. No, you know what I authenticity now? Youre an egotistical quitter that never thought about any of us. You Just concluded that your enslavement (said mockingly) was a higher priority than me, the most excellent young lady on earth. Your words precisely.. How right? I depended on you, I required you.. Olive inconspicuously begins to mellow her tone as she proceeds to sit on the shower with her head in her grasp. Directly from the earliest starting point, I generally disclosed to myself that you were consistently the one that would have been my side until the end. The one that was continually going to pay special mind to me, bolster me. Urge me to be as well as could be expected be throughout everyday life, except now.. Presently I feel as though you have Just utilized me for one of your little games and its not reasonable on me. I dont even feel as though I have a place in this family as of now and youve aggravated it for me. Olive stands and returns pacing to and fro and begins conversing with the remainder of her family. Youre all embarrassed about me and I can tell. I can guess by the way o all make inconspicuous insights about my weight and the little looks all of you give me. I know Im not the victor you needed me to be father yet Im doing as well as can be expected, I just participated in that challenge since I needed you to be glad for me. I needed everybody to be glad for me for once. Mum, I realize you needed to leave me alone who I needed to be, however I wish you had of Just come clean with me instead of lie to me. Indeed, you needed to ensure me But once in a while securing your daughter meaner being honest. I can deal with it, Im more seasoned at this point. I dont need securing. Olive returns to standing gazing t herself in the mirror and starts conversing with herself once more. I surmise where it counts I truly knew what grandpa was attempting to accomplish and I deliberately ignored it. I simply needed to do right by him, make all of you pleased. Its your shortcoming at long last olive, I mean gander at yourself. Youre not at all like those magnificence expo young ladies with their have none of that. So quit attempting. Olive proceeds to sit toward the edge of the restroom crouched in a ball and begins to cry. Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-64297231435230323462020-08-22T03:29:00.001-07:002020-08-22T03:29:27.550-07:00People Who Influence MeThe Most Influential For all of us, there has been at any rate one individual who has impacted us. It tends to be a relative, a companion, or an instructor. It doesn't really consistently have to improve constantly, It can be terrible Influence also. I picked great Influential individuals, which Is my dad, my fifth grade instructor, and my closest companion Junior. Despite the fact that It can be anybody, those are the three individuals that have impacted me to improve in my life more than any other individual has. My mom, my sibling, and a couple of others in my life have likewise made a decent difference.Even Hough I had a lot of others be acceptable impact to me, in the event that I needed to pick, I will in any case pick my dad, my fifth grade instructor, and my closest companion Junior over and over. My dad moved to the United States from Mexico when he was just 16 years of age without anyone else. He began working promptly, and buckled down. When he turned 22 he purchased his o wn home in the San Fernando Valley. He didn't put 1,000 dollars up front installment, he didn't put 10,000 down, nor did he put 50,000 down.He got It at the same time, he was so pleased and since he recounts to me about his story I am glad too. Here Is a multi year old kid who emigrated from Mexico, and buckled down accomplishing development work. In around 5 years or so he figured out how to purchase a 4 room home. I mean when I consider it, who has a home this enormous by the age of 22? Not to mention originate from another nation and master everything all alone. He did this without anyone else and despite the fact that he says it was hard, he never surrendered. My dad is going to turn 50 years of age in a couple of months and till this day he is a persevering man.He works a ton, however he despite everything figures out how to convey and invest energy with his significant other and youngsters. The motivation behind why my dad is one of the most persuasive individuals in y life is on the grounds that he encouraged me and still reminds me to never surrender. Regardless of how far my fantasy Is or how huge it is, he says to me ââ¬Å"keep pushing and in a short time you'll arrive. â⬠It's incredible to perceive the amount he had when he showed up to the US and the amount he has right now. It's not about the cash, It's likewise the manner in which he Is, the manner in which he generally keeps a positive vitality around me when I don't feel motivated.For a man that has come this far, he has consistently remained humble about it and I love that about him. Someone else who has been a major impact in my life is my fifth grade instructor. Her name is Ms. Hollander and I accept she is around her rear end's starting today. It's been a long time since I was in the fifth grade and I realize I will always remember her. This instructor consistently made a special effort for her understudies. Each time we had a test she would consider her understudies the prior night reminding us to get great sleep.The day of the test she would eat for us to eat and consistently drove us Into improving. I had a ton of educators each school year however she wasn't Just an instructor. Ms. Hollander was Like our subsequent mother, truly. She generally got open speakers to converse with us, generally took a few to get back some composure of our folks and refreshed them. She gave us her phone number and her home number Just if there should arise an occurrence of a crisis. She was Just stunning! She generally instructed us to progress nicely, in school, throughout everyday life and by and large all in all. After we school.She would take us out shopping, to the motion pictures and to amusement stops Just to make up for lost time with one another's lives. She was an instructor, a companion, a subsequent mother, I can't depict the inclination she provided for a portion of her understudies. She is one of the most powerful individuals throughout my life since she pushed co nstantly me into improving. She likewise impacted me into making the best choice constantly. To realize how such an instructor could think such a great amount about how an understudy is getting along in school, for the fifth grade as well as up to school causes me to feel good.She puts stock in her understudies, and regardless of how much time passes by I realize she will consistently mind. The last individual I decided for the 3 most compelling individuals throughout my life is Junior. Junior is 20 years of age and has affected my life significantly from multiple points of view. He is one of the most mindful individuals I have ever met in my life. He falls off hard, yet he is the inverse. I trust I have known him since I was 8 years youthful. This man has been here for me through my high points and low points since I could last recall. He has demonstrated me during the time what a closest companion genuinely is.One of the most persuasive things I welcome him for is coming clean wit h me. At the point when he sees me fall, he makes me get myself all alone so I can be solid. He has savvy words that can change your entire perspective about something very quickly. He generally causes me to acknowledge things that I would prefer not to figure it out. For instance, I used to work and not go to class. I used to think work was a higher priority than school. He gave me addresses, and gave me tough situations until I truly returned to class. He generally causes me to acknowledge what the proper activity is.I say thanks to him for giving me tough situations about work since I can really say If it wasn't for him I would not be composing this article at the present time. I now I would of in the long run returned to class yet not when I did as a result of him. That is one reason why Junior is one of the most compelling individuals throughout my life. He makes me need to improve in school constantly. These 3 individuals I referenced are my main 3 compelling individuals throu ghout my life. Every one of the 3 have had an intense effect in my life to improve things, and have likewise made me into the blunders I am today.If I didn't have my dad I would not have the inspiration I have today to arrive at my objectives. On the off chance that I didn't have my fifth grade instructor in my life I would have never known how it feels to have an educator who thinks about me so much that she despite everything needs to know how I am completing 9 years after the fact. She resembles a blessed messenger in camouflage. On the off chance that Junior was not in my life, I would not go to school when I did or possibly never went to. He saw potential in me that I didn't find in myself. I love everybody who has affected me positively and I will always be appreciative. Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-77472823320865492492020-07-30T03:13:00.001-07:002020-07-30T03:13:03.070-07:00Public Health Diabetes Public Health Diabetes Public Health the Diabetic Epidemic Public Health Diabetes Public Health the Diabetic Epidemic Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-70225924717250004192020-05-22T17:52:00.001-07:002020-05-22T17:52:02.912-07:00The And For Heidi With Blue Hair Through Images That Are... The main aim of this paper is to analyse the theme of Tadpoles and For Heidi with Blue Hair through the images that are employed by Fleur Adcock. The main aim of the researcher is to analyse the different types of images used by the poet and how it helps the reader to understand the theme of the poems. There are seven distinct types of imagery which are catergorised as visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, kinesthetic and organic. Visual images appeal to the sense of sight. Auditory images appeal to specific sound whereas olfactory image is used to describe particular scent. Gustatory image pertains to the sense of taste whereas tactile is used to describe the sense of touch. Kinesthetic images deal with movement or action. Organic deals with creating a specific feeling or emotion within the reader. Adcockââ¬â¢s poems Tadpoles and For Heidi with Blue Hair are taken for analysis to analyse theme through images. In these poems Fleur Adcock has used different images in ord er to achieve the poetic effect. Key Words: Visual, Auditory, Olfactory, Gustatory, Tactile and Organic. Introduction ââ¬Å"I no longer feel inclined to make comments on my own work, which I feel should speak for itself.â⬠- Fleur Adcock Adcockââ¬â¢s poetry is known for the images which are drawn from her personal experience or from the experience of friends and relatives. Though many poems deal with her personal subjects she is not confessional poet like Sylvia Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-3644969021274891572020-05-09T22:39:00.001-07:002020-05-09T22:39:03.097-07:00Characteristics of Samples of Process Essay Writing Characteristics of Samples of Process Essay Writing Critical thinking is what you've got to possess to handle the undertaking. Writing is a hard chore for lots of people. Writing an essay is a critical role in academe life. It is an essential part of college life. Essay writing is often practiced is schools. It is a tough business when you are at college. The reader will be happy to find the origin of the evidence offered by you. Make certain you make an exhaustive interpretation of each process in the most fascinating way so to capture the interest of your reader. Provide the reader with some information regarding the length and intricacy of the process you're going to discuss. It's also important to list all the materials that the reader ought to have to be able to adhere to the steps. Life, Death, and Samples of Process Essay Writing The objective of the essay is to explain the process itself, so you're going to break it down into various steps. The outline will pr ovide you with the guidance you require, making the writing process simpler. After you choose the procedure you need to concentrate on, you then need to earn a list of steps necessary to attain the aims of the activity. Knowing the actions to the process make the work much simpler. Many poorly crafted essays are produced on account of a scarcity of preparation and confidence. It's important to remain concise along with efficient. Even the most well-known examples need context. You will need to understand how to compose an effective essay as it is a typical foundation for a student's grade. An excellent college essay isn't just persuasive, it's a piece which highlights the correct attitude to the college, the personal aspirations and the vision the student has once they get in the school. College application essay, is a significant aspect as it assists the panel, pick the best students that show the proper kind of motivation, for placement into a few of their programs. A co llege application essay is a considerable means of letting the panel learn more concerning the student. You might also attempt sharing your essay with different people and receiving their thoughts. You've already done a good deal of reading and a great deal of writing in your life. If you are aware that something can fail, you have to warn your readers until they choose to repeat the procedure. Don't simply list off all the situations you've done and how great you're, but take the opportunity to enter the emotional journey supporting the approach. Since you may see, writing a process essay is not quite as hard as you thought. You may believe that you're not expert enough to compose a process essay. Now you are aware of how to compose the ideal process essay. Writing a process essay is quite easy, but only once you know the step-by-step approach which allows for crafting a brilliant paper. What to Expect From Samples of Process Essay Writing? Our writing mavens can assist you. Accordingly, in an essay, you need to make sure that you're summarizing everything, not repeating it. The essay can provide a great opportunity to speak about a few of your accomplishments, but always be certain to do so in a means that isn't braggadocious. Your essay ought to be something central to who you are as an individual. The Importance of Samples of Process Essay Writing Your writing will be a lot easier in the event that you comply with the outline you created before. In most instances, a process essay will need you to proceed through the task yourself. Remember, it consists of multiple elements and the key to success is to connect all of them. A process essay example can be an actual salvation if you're puzzled and can't compose a line. Therefore, process analyses can be quite detailed and at times quite long. A completion of a single task does not absolutely have to be the close of the practice. You should also understand the procedure and highlight its i mportance. Otherwise, you were probably describing a process which is too easy. For those who haven't already mastered the process, it's going to be really hard to learn and compose all at one time. Clearly, every practice differs. Alternately, you can imagine unconventional processes. There are lots of processes that you proceed through every day that you're able to write about. What Samples of Process Essay Writing Is - and What it Is Not For example, if your process essay is all about making the ideal shepherd's pie, consider drafting a paragraph on how best to make the filling below and another paragraph on the best way to create good mashed potatoes in addition to the lamb filling below. One of the absolute most crucial maintenance duties for cars is altering the oil regularly. To begin with, find out more about the process you're likely to be explaining. The initial 3 stages of manufacture are the very same for all the five teas. The reader ought to be in a position to stick to the directions your essay and successfully do what it is that you are explaining. Before learning how to compose a process essay of A level, it is crucial to define the expression. There are several sorts of expository essays, and each one among them has its particular purpose and tone. There's no ideal solution on how best to compose an effective essay. The War Against Samples of Process Essay Writing The simplest approach to learn the sort of an essay is to realize the writer's point of view. The instructions about how to write process essays should also end up being handy for readers. The essay topics are categorized in various groups only for the ease of readers. If at all possible, be certain that you include things like a photo of the said object you're planning to use if you want to publish the said essay online. Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-61403720543103079422020-05-06T10:27:00.001-07:002020-05-06T10:27:46.499-07:00Girls and the Problem of Choosing Suitable Jobs Free Essays Girls and problem of choosing suitable jobs One of the interesting social upheavals of the present era is the emancipation of women from the bondage of age old prejudice and traditions which restrict the sphere of womanââ¬â¢s activity to within the narrow confines of the home. The spread of education has enabled women to smash open the panes of the stuffy, ignorant conservatory and come into the open world to take their place and contribute their share to the exciting experience of creating a new society with new conditions of life.As a result, the modern woman or girl behaves as a more assertive and independent personality than her counterpart in the old society. We will write a custom essay sample on Girls and the Problem of Choosing Suitable Jobs or any similar topic only for you Order Now Women now play a prominent role in practically all walks of life. Even among the small band of celebrated personalities who have cruised through outer space there is a woman. The formidable challenge women offer to men in nearly all categories of employment is an indication of the increasingly important part women play in society, The modern woman has become a relentless hunter of jobs.A great many girls are going to get themselves employed in a profession or trade. Whether modern girls like it or not they have to resign themselves to the fact that in any type of employment their work will occupy at least six hours a day, five day a week, perhaps for the rest of their lives. Herein lies the strongest argument which should influence a girlââ¬â¢s decision in choosing the right type of jib with a future rather than on without any prospect.It is here that one finds it difficult to persuade a girl to look ahead to the type of salary and position she can expect when she grows old, and to discourage her from plunging headlong from school or University into a job which does not hold out a good future for her. Many small girls often express their desire to become nurse when they are attracted by the uniform of the nurse when they had an occasion to see a nurse on duty in a local hospital, or it may be because the intelligent members of the family might have always gone for medicine, and so the poor girl grows up with the idea to become a doctor is her natural choice. The success of a school friend, with quite different abilities and attitudes, in a particular career is also responsible for forming the wrong idea that they could do equally well in that career. One of the strongest appeals in the choice of a career is the salary one could get from particular type of job. Girls them make the decision to enter that particular type of employment only for the sake of the high salary prospect. All in all such notions about future career are based on wrong assumptions.In the choice of a career a girl should take into account, not only one factor, but many factors such as her ability, her aptitude, and her temperament and the prospects in terms of salary, conditions of service and possibilities of advancement. The opportunities for careers are many for a modern girl. In the face of such a wide variety of openings for careers, it is very difficult for modern girl, without help or guidance, to make a judicious choice of the profession best suited to her. How to cite Girls and the Problem of Choosing Suitable Jobs, Papers Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-36810221989057725242020-04-29T05:31:00.001-07:002020-04-29T05:31:03.082-07:00Women in Shakespeare free essay sample The women presented in Shakespeareââ¬â¢s play Macbeth have challenged the cultural values and assumptions of the role, rights and power of women during the Elizabethan period. The typical role of Elizabethan women of looking after the household and handling the kids is contradicted; the rights of Elizabethan women are defied; and the power of Elizabethan women in the household and the society is taken to new extents. The role, rights and power of Elizabethan women is confronted upon with the use of the female characters in the play Macbeth as well as the various language techniques used throughout the play. Shakespeare has used the female characters in the play Macbeth to challenge the role Elizabethan women play in society. Women during the Elizabethan era were required to look after the household, the kids, simply be feminine and look good. Lady Macbeth is an important character who most strongly challenges this typical role. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Shakespeare or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She does much more than look after the household; she presents herself more as a man than a female saying, ââ¬Å"unsex me hereâ⬠. Here she portrays the desire to be more than just the ââ¬Ëwomanââ¬â¢ in the house by removing here feminine qualities. This is also evident in the quote She further challenges the typical role by showing disregard for her children if she had any, ââ¬Å"would, while it was smiling in my face, Have pluckd my nipple from the boneless gums, And dashd the brains out, had i so swornâ⬠. This quote shows the extremes to which Lady Macbeth can go and even take life out of her child. The imagery portrayed by the quote makes it seem bloody and extremely unfeminine. A typical Elizabethan woman doesnââ¬â¢t behave so. These scenes also portray her lack of the ââ¬Ëinnocenceââ¬â¢ that women are meant to have. Another character that shows defiance against this role is Lady Macduff. The typical role of Elizabethan women is to be accepting of everything their male relatives do and never speak ill of them. However Lady Macduff, when Macduff abandons them, speaks out and calls him a traitor. ââ¬Å"His flight was madnessâ⬠this quote shows Lady Macduff calling her husbandââ¬â¢s actions madness. Here she shows defiance against the weak image women portray and showed ability to support her and her son alone. The witches also challenge the feminine nature by appearing manly and harboring beards. Thus by the use of language and the female characters Shakespeare has successfully challenged the role of Elizabethan women. The rights of Elizabethan women are defied against in Macbeth and taken to a new level. A typical woman couldnââ¬â¢t speak out in household matters; she could not raise her voice against her husband and had no right to do as she pleased. Lady Macbeth is a prime example of such defiance. She plans the murder of Duncan and orders her husband to kill him. Her strength is seen in the quote, ââ¬Å"Your hand, your tongue: look like the innocent flower, But be the serpent undert. He thats coming must be provided for: and you shall put this nights great business into my dispatchâ⬠. This quote shows how easily Lady Macbeth can order her husband. Her control is further seen when she says ââ¬Å"Leave all the rest to me. â⬠this gives the feeling that the entire household relies upon Lady Macbeth and not Macbeth. This is completely opposite of what rights women had. Lady Macbeth defies those rights and portrays a strong and powerful woman that has control. Another most common right was marriage. It was the one thing that Elizabethan women were granted without question. However, the Witches and their queen remain as single women throughout their lives. This defies against the one right that all women have and shows their out of placement with the rest of society. Shakespeare has effectively used the women in Macbeth to portray the defiance to and changing the typical feminine rights of Elizabethan women. Women in Shakespeareââ¬â¢s Macbeth are presented with immense power that impacts the plot, and characters of the play. Lady Macbeth and the Witches are the two main sources of leading Macbeth astray. The witches provided Macbeth with the prophecy sparked an idea, and Lady Macbeth simply set on a fire using that spark. Lady Macbeth urged Macbeth to kill and be kind himself. Without the Witchesââ¬â¢ prophecy the play would have continued on normally with no problem, but the prophecy has caused the main character to become an evil man. The witches equivocate to Macbeths doing and undoing. Hecate, being similar to a queen of the Witches is seen as an even powerful female in the play, who has the capability of scolding the Witches themselves. Her power is seen via the lines ââ¬Å"Have I not reason, beldams as you are? Saucy and overbold, how did you dare To trade and traffic with Macbethâ⬠¦ And I, the mistress of your charms, The close contriver of all harms, Was never called to bear my part, Or show the glory of our art? these lines show that without Hecateââ¬â¢s presence, the true magic cannot be witnessed and she makes it all complete. The queen and her uncanny followers remain objects of supernatural awe and fear. The Witches appear as old, wizened women growing beards; they stoke up the seed of evil ambition in Macbeth, just as Lady Macbeth keeps the ambition growing in her husbands mind. The witches possess an ambiguous sexuality, and their dubious nature is always suspect. With the use of powerful characters such as Lady Macbeth, the Witches and Hecate, Shakespeare has challenged the not so powerful females of the Elizabethan era. The role, rights and power of Elizabethan women is confronted upon with the use of the female characters in the play Macbeth as well as the various language techniques used throughout the play. Shakespeareââ¬â¢s play Macbeth incorporates women such as Lady Macbeth, Lady Macduff, the Witches and Hecate which are effectively used to challenge the typical attributes of Elizabethan women. The many language devices and characters have created a play, Macbeth that has challenged the cultural values and assumptions of the role, rights and power of women during the Elizabethan period. Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-67428698544305360182020-03-20T11:58:00.001-07:002020-03-20T11:58:03.180-07:00search seizure essayssearch seizure essays SEARCH Should warrantless searches be allowed? Is it fair for a person to be pulled over for running a stop sign and have their automobile searched? The answer to these proposed questions are being decided by the Supreme Court. Under the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution, individuals are protected from unreasonable searches and seizures. Currently, there are many cases in front of the Supreme Court regarding search and seizure. This paper will look at the pros and cons of warrantless searches including two cases in favor of and two cases against the issue in question. Although for the most part warrantless searches arent allowed there are a few instances where they are permissible. One example of where a warrant is not necessary is when the officer is in hot pursuit (Mann 131). This means that if an officer is chasing an individual on foot or by car, he does not need a warrant to search the individual. If the individual of whom the search is directed toward consents, a warrant is not necessary (131). If an emergency should arise, an officer does not need a warrant (131). If a lawful arrest has taken place, the officer does not need a warrant (131). Another way an officer does not need a warrant is if evidence of a crime is in plain view to the officer (131). Finally, if a delay would present a significant obstacle in the investigation, the officer does not need a warrant (131). Officers should not have the right to search cars or houses without a search warrant because it violates the Constitution (Rosen 17). Over the years, the Supreme Court has looked at warrantless searches regarding houses or buildings differently than warrantless searches in an automobile or airplane (17). Warrants are almost always needed to search a house or apartment because of the extreme amount of privacy these places have (17). An automobile, for example,... Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-84137768298552960992020-03-04T03:44:00.001-08:002020-03-04T03:44:02.942-08:00Scientific Hypothesis, Theory, Law DefinitionsScientific Hypothesis, Theory, Law Definitions Words have precise meanings in science. For example, theory, law, and hypothesis dont all mean the same thing. Outside of science, you might say something is just a theory, meaning its a supposition that may or may not be true. In science, however, a theory is an explanation that generally is accepted to be true. Heres a closer look at these important, commonly misused terms. Hypothesis A hypothesis is an educated guess, based on observation. Its a prediction of cause and effect. Usually, a hypothesis can be supported or refuted through experimentation or more observation. A hypothesis can be disproven but not proven to be true. Example: If you see no difference in the cleaning ability of various laundry detergents, you might hypothesize that cleaning effectiveness is not affected by which detergent you use. This hypothesis can be disproven if you observe a stain is removed by one detergent and not another. On the other hand, you cannot prove the hypothesis. Even if you never see a difference in the cleanliness of your clothes after trying a thousand detergents, there might be one more you havent tried that could be different. Model Scientists often construct models to help explain complex concepts. These can be physical models, like a model volcano or atomà or conceptual models, like predictive weather algorithms. A model doesnt contain all the details of the real deal but should include observations known to be valid. Example: Theà Bohr model shows electrons orbiting the atomic nucleus, much the same way as the way planets revolve around the sun. In reality, the movement of electrons is complicated but the model makes it clear that protons and neutrons form a nucleus and electrons tend to move around outside the nucleus. Theory A scientific theory summarizes a hypothesis or group of hypotheses that have been supported with repeated testing. A theory is valid as long as there is no evidence to dispute it. Therefore, theories can be disproven. Basically, if evidence accumulates to support a hypothesis, then the hypothesis can become accepted as a good explanation of a phenomenon. One definition of a theory is to say that its an accepted hypothesis. Example: It is known that on June 30, 1908, in Tunguska, Siberia, there was an explosion equivalent to the detonation of about 15 million tons of TNT. Many hypotheses have been proposed for what caused the explosion. It was theorized that the explosion was caused by a natural extraterrestrial phenomenon, and was not caused by man. Is this theory a fact? No. The event is a recorded fact. Is this theory, generally accepted to be true, based on evidence to-date? Yes. Can this theory be shown to be false and be discarded? Yes. Law A scientific law generalizes a body of observations. At the time its made, no exceptions have been found to a law. Scientific laws explain things but they do not describe them. One way to tell a law and a theory apart is to ask if the description gives you the means to explain why. The word law is used less and less in science, as many laws are only true under limited circumstances. Example: Consider Newtons Law of Gravity. Newton could use this law to predict the behavior of a dropped object but he couldnt explain why it happened. As you can see, there is no proof or absolute truth in science. The closest we get are facts, which are indisputable observations. Note, however, if you define proof as arriving at a logical conclusion, based on the evidence, then there is proof in science. Some work under the definition that to prove something implies it can never be wrong, which is different. If youre asked to define the terms hypothesis, theory, and law, keep in mind the definitions of proof and of these words can vary slightly depending on the scientific discipline. Whats important is to realize they dont all mean the same thing and cannot be used interchangeably. Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-138489737633295082020-02-16T19:08:00.001-08:002020-02-16T19:08:02.861-08:00Differentiate between social obligation, social responsiveness and EssayDifferentiate between social obligation, social responsiveness and social responsibility and use case study material from the Maldives to illustrate these differences - Essay Example Moreover, the nation generates up to 60% of its tourists revenue from foreign exchange earnings (Gautam, 2008; WTTC, 2002). The World Bank of report (2014), clarifies that Maldives is mainly predominant of tourism products such as floating beds thereby, offering direct employment both directly and indirectly to the tourism industry in the world. By creating job opportunities to the youths who works in hotels and other tourism sectors, the nation improves its economic growth. In essence, in the past one decade, tourism related occupations sustainably helped Maldivian gross domestic product to shoot up to 265 percent. However, the availability of jobs to Maldivian citizens comes with a challenge. Because most of the employment opportunities are concentrated around resort regions, therefore, majority are forced to travel from upcountry to urban centers and such a migration pattern cause strain to urban settlements that already has an influx in population resulting into tension to the economy around town centers. Maldives is not only famous for its natural beauty of green ocean, and sandy beaches, the nationââ¬â¢s employment opportunities in hotels focuses extremely on tourism workforce who are represented by tourism workforce association (Ellis, 2008; Sharpley, 2002). The workforce recommends that the majority of employees earn very little amount of money while living in very poor conditions susceptible to much less production than what is required by nation per capita. In addition, employment opportunity within the tourism industry alone is not enough to sustain the national grid while the country also lacks other alternative mineral resources. Such a result has made poverty levels to remain quite high throughout the nation (Secretariat, 2010). Maldives fishing sector employs almost 25% of the total national workforce. Through the same industry, employees do get deployed into sectors such as packaging, preparation Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-34498308285416098492020-02-02T23:55:00.001-08:002020-02-02T23:55:02.912-08:00The Lewis And Clark Expedition Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsThe Lewis And Clark Expedition - Term Paper Example The task for President Jefferson was now to get familiarized with the territory itself, especially the western front. To accomplish this task, President Jefferson chose his personal secretary Meriwether Lewis who was not only a reliable and intelligent man, but also possessed skills of a frontiersman. Meriwether Lewisin in turn selected one of his most reliable friends and an exceptional frontiersman and draftsman, William Clark, and made him the co-commanding captain of the expedition. The trust that Lewis had in Clarkââ¬â¢s abilities was remarkable given the fact that Clark was not highly ranked by the government itself for such expeditions1. There were two reasons why President Jefferson wanted this expedition to take place. The first obvious reason was that he wanted to discover the actual territory itself so that the boundaries could be established. The second reason was that he wanted Lewis to discover the water link between the Missouri and Columbia rivers. This water netwo rk would link the Pacific Ocean with the Mississippi system of rivers which in turn would open new access routes for trade and commerce. EXPEDITION The expedition officially started from the summer of 1804 from Camp Wood in St. Louis. Until then, the members were developing the strategies for the expedition. That summertime and during the fall the group of voyagers propelled and dragged themselves towards the north and more precisely, to the northwest on the Missouri River. The post which they reached before the advent of winter was the Fort Mandan post, a trading post, where they set up their camps and waited till the winter had passed away. During this time they prepared for the journey ahead. When the winter had finally passed and as spring of 1805 was approaching, the journey began once again. They moved on further up towards the Missouri to Montana, to what is presently called Three-Forks. The path which they chose was the boundary of the western front along the Jefferson River . This helped to serve the purpose of discovering the new terrain. The new route brought the explorers to the threshold of Shoshone Indians who were very well acquainted with the terrain and specialized in crossing the mountains with their horses. The significant people whom they met were a French fur trader and his Shoshone Indian wife named Sacagawea which means ââ¬Ëbird womanââ¬â¢. Both these people agreed to guide them through and Sacagawea was especially helpful in establishing contact with the Indians through acting as a translator. At first, the Indians were frightened to see the explorers, but because of Sacagawea, the connection was made rather easily and the Indians agreed to help them. The Indians provided them with supplies and other essential stuff. The other benefit of Sacagawea was that because she was a woman it signified the fact that the explorers were not there for war. Generally, women were not taken alongside in the situation of war. Thus, the presence of Sacagawea meant that the explorers did not mean war. With the help of the Indians, the explorers made their way up to the Bitterroot Mountains. Without the horses it would have been difficult to pass through the mountains. There, the difficulty they had to face was that they had to now travel downriver from the Bitterroot Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-40296434803695746722020-01-25T20:16:00.001-08:002020-01-25T20:16:03.620-08:00Rule of Law Across the WorldRule of Law Across the World Rule of law, in general, states that no one is above the law. Even if you are the highest ranking official in your country or you are at the bottom echelon of individuals the law will always be equal to all. (LexisNexis, 2014) New Zealand and Canada both incorporate the rule of law in their respective government which is good because it is important that the people, whether rich or poor, can gain equal rights to laws especially in health care since health is the most important aspect in our lives that should be taken care of. According to University of California San Francisco Global Health Sciences (2014), in the past decade, there has been an increased interest in public-private partnership relating to healthcare across the world. This is of good news to the public since this kind of partnership has a long-term effect between a nationââ¬â¢s government and a private sector which helps aid in the welfare of the public and for this be incorporated in the health sector is very helpful. Health is the most important thing to be taken care of and for the government to make a move like this would benefit not only the rich but also those who cannot afford healthcare. On one hand, according to Barrows, MacDonald, Supapol, Dalton-Jez, Harvey-Rioux (2012) who conducted a case study on public-private partnership in Canadian health care, Canadaââ¬â¢s healthcare system is primarily a public programme but there are also aspects of care that are delivered privately. This system of theirs has become a problem and a burden at the same time for the government to handle since provincial budgets are at a high in terms of healthcare demands. This prompted the country to adapt the public-private partnership method so as to be able to meet the healthcare demands and to be able to continue their primary goal of the healthcare system which is of the public. On the other hand, New Zealand does not present any public-private partnership with regards to their healthcare system but according to the Medical Council of New Zealand (2011), it has both a public and private working healthcare system which offers high quality of care. The public system is free to all New Zealanders and individuals who are on a work permit visa that is valid for two or more years while the private system offers access to all private facilities for treatment of immediate and non-immediate health conditions. The public system is government funded and works as a community-based model while the private system offers specialist services and primary care at private hospitals. One thing that pans out in New Zealandââ¬â¢s healthcare system is the health insurance they provide. Even though you are not a citizen of the country and you are only here for a vacation or perhaps study purposes, the individual can still be or will be covered by the governmentââ¬â¢s personal injury scheme insurance known as ACC. The New Zealand judiciary system in itself is independent and has integrity, as stated by the Ministry of Justice, the judiciaryââ¬â¢s independence is an important principle to the countryââ¬â¢s constitution which leads to freedom from political interference and that members of the House of Representatives cannot criticise a judge. More or less Canadaââ¬â¢s judiciary system shows similarities with that of New Zealandââ¬â¢s since it is also independent and shows integrity, as per Forsey (2012), the systemsââ¬â¢ independence goes a hundred years back. A judge who makes a decision that the government does not agree with cannot touch him or her. Judiciary independence in Canada is important because the Supreme Court interprets the Constitution and defines the limits of the federal and provincial powers. A system being independent and shows integrity can mean a lot to a country because it entails fairness to all. There will be no abuse and bias in the law and in my educated opinion, this system works well in a healthcare standpoint. With regards to health and security, New Zealand health security to the people is presented in the form of the Social Security Act of 1964 which provides a wide range of medical benefits whether you are an individual who can afford healthcare or not. This act provides a right to free treatment and relief. (McLintock, 2009) In Canada, they have this program called Health Canada which was established to help improve each Canadians health. This program is also an administrator of the Canada Health Act. This program also collaborates with the Privacy Act that gives a person the right to access information about themselves with limited exceptions. This protects an individualââ¬â¢s privacy with regards to health. (Health Canada, 2011) Human rights observed both in New Zealand and Canada are more or less having the same thought. Both countries are giving all their respective citizens equal rights and compensation regardless of race, gender, age, sexual orientation, marital status, family status, and disability. (Justice Laws Website, 2014) In this case discrimination is unlawful and unacceptable. (Human Rights Commission, 2008-2014) Although New Zealand is more diverse than Canada it is still evident that the top priority of both countries is equality. It is important in healthcare that human rights are observed because regardless of where we are from or who we are, we are all human beings. Every nation needs financial assistance or funding, especially in health care, to take care of their people. New Zealand and Canada presents a health care system that takes care of their people by means of health programs that benefit them without getting a single penny from their pockets. Allocated budget for a country depends on the population and the governmentââ¬â¢s involvement. In 2012/2013 financial year, New Zealand has a $14.65 million allocated budget for health but they the core Crown health spending for the financial year is around $14.5 million. There is also a forecast that the health spending will reach $14.95 million during the 2013/2014 financial year. (The Treasury, 2013) According to Scoop (2013), independent news, the 2013 health budget in New Zealand received the largest increase making available $1.6 billion for health over four years which has an average of $352 million of funds per year. C. COMPETITION Meanwhile, Chai of Global News (2013) reported that Canada will acquire a bill of $211 billion by the end of 2013 on health care alone. The Canadian Institute for Health Information broke down the amount to around $5,988 per individual in health care costs. The amount is not staggering compared to the past decade since for the year 2013 it is only a 2.6 per cent increase in health care spending while the past decade recorded a seven per cent increase per year in health care expense. Although health expense has been increasing in Canada every year, it has toned down a bit for the year 2013 as to the previous years. To furthermore break down on where the amount was spent, 30 per cent was spent on hospitals, 16 per cent was spent on medications and 15 per cent was spent on physicians. Majority, around 70 per cent, of health care spending in Canada is covered by the provincial government. A report by May (2014) from the National Post stated that the public servantsââ¬â¢ benefits, to mention sick leaves, will be cut off in order to save billions for the 2014 budget. VI. REFERENCE LIST/BIBLIOGRAPHY Barrows, MacDonald, et al. (2012), ââ¬Å"Public-private partnerships in Canadian health care: A case study of the Brampton Civic Hospitalâ⬠, OECD Journal on Budgeting, Vol. 12/1, p. 3. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/PPP%20Canadian%20healthcare.pdf Chai, C. (29/10/2013). Global News; By the numbers: How much did Canada spend on health care in 2013? Retrieved from http://globalnews.ca/news/932105/by-the-numbers-how-much-did-canada-spend-on-health-care-in-2013/ Forsey, E. (2012). Parliament of Canada: How Canadians Govern Themselves Chapter 5 (5.2). Retrieved from http://www.parl.gc.ca/about/parliament/senatoreugeneforsey/book/chapter_5-e.html Health Canada. (2011). Health Canada Privacy Act Annual Report 2010-2011. Retrieved from http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/pubs/_atip-aiprp/2011priv-prot/index-eng.php Human Rights Commission. (2008-2014). Human Rights Act. Retrieved from http://www.hrc.co.nz/human-rights-environment/human-rights-legislation/human-rights-act/ Justice Laws Website. (28/03/2014). Canadian Human Rights Act. Retrieved from http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/h-6/page-1.html#h-1 LexisNexis. (2014). Rule of Law. Retrieved from http://www.lexisnexis.ca/en-ca/about-us/rule-of-law.page May, C. (11/02/2014). National Post: Canada budget 2014 looks to slash public servantââ¬â¢s benefits in effort to save billions. Retrieved from http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/02/11/canada-budget-2014-looks-to-slash-public-servants-benefits-in-effort-to-save-billions/ McLintock, A. (updated 22/04/2009). The Encyclopedia of New Zealand: Health Benefits. Originally published in 1966. Retrieved from http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/social-security/page-6 Medical Council of New Zealand. (2011). Public and Private Health Systems. Retrieved from https://www.mcnz.org.nz/alpinfo/public-and-private-health-systems Ministry of Justice. The New Zealand Legal System. Retrieved from http://www.justice.govt.nz/publications/global-publications/t/the-new-zealand-legal-system Scoop Independent News. (16/05/2013). Health receives the largest Budget increase. Retrieved from http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA1305/S00296/health-receives-the-largest-budget-increase.htm The Treasury. (07/10/2013). Health: Funding. Retrieved from http://www.treasury.govt.nz/government/expenditure/health University of California, San Francisco, Global Health Sciences. (2014). The Global Health Groups: Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). Retrieved from http://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/global-health-group/private-sector-healthcare-initiative-pshi/research/public-private-partnerships Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-70802327022375830412020-01-17T16:39:00.001-08:002020-01-17T16:39:02.656-08:00When Consultants and Clients ClashWhen consultants and client clash: Problem Essay Statlers have failed to get their clients to acknowledge the differences in thinking about the merger. The rationale behind every merger is that the sum is greater than the parts. Typically, clients identify synergies for the merger and from then on consultants suggest the decisions necessary for attaining them. The synergy cited in this case, economies of scale, is only possible if the two firms worked together as a single unit.Susan Barlowà ¶s lack of experience in conducting with clients and failure to understand the need for merger coupled with Kelloggà ¶s ineptness in handling sticky situations has led to the current state. Susan, in her initial briefing with Mr. Kellogg, started off on a wrong note. First, she patronized the entrepreneur-turned-CEO, accepted his list of interviewees and even agreed to his deadlines. If she was any experienced, she would have been more pro-active, played the role of a devilà ¶s advocate to expl ore other views about merger and understand its need.More importantly, as John Rau suggests, she would have done independent fact finding which would give her an idea about who to talk to. Another important task she missed out was talking to Mr. Carpenter and exploring his views about the merger. If she had any knowledge about mergers she would have replied to Mr. Kelloggà ¶s remarks on mergers and explained to him that acquisitions have far higher success rates than à µmergers of equalsà ¶. All these point to her lack of expertise in mergers and inexperience with conducting with clients. Royce Kellogg acknowledges how he always relied on Mort Meyer to deal with people problems.Further, his naive view of the merger, which is so far only an agreement between two heads, reinforces his skewed understanding of the problem. In response to numerous calls from employees, who had already been given heads-up, Kellogg was quick in drawing conclusion that consultants are stirring up trouble rather than understand the underlying causes. Mr. Kelloggà ¶s belief that derivatives are harder than the assignment Susan is currently dealing with shows how little interest he has in organizational issues and understanding their importance.With only Mortà ¶s death triggering the merger, it was pretty thin to start with. For two firms with almost equal share operating on similar lines of business, the only value that could be derived out of merger is to cut the costs through staff reductions and higher scale of operations. To realize this, one of the firms needed to be an underdog and everybody, including the consultants missed this entirely. Kellogg spoke about mergers of equals without realizing how dangerous it was. This evidence strongly suggests the desperate need for mergers and acquisitions expert.Hence, any corrective measure should start with bringing in an expert on mergers into the team. Statler should start with a fresh slate by bringing in a new team to work on the project and let go of the costs for the initial two weeks. This will also greatly alleviate Kelloggà ¶s anger and frustration with the consultants. The new policies that should govern the Kellogg Champion should be centered on cutting costs and achieving a merit-based organization structure rather than keeping a set of policies and disregarding the other. Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-57875351649526567462020-01-09T13:01:00.001-08:002020-01-09T13:01:03.013-08:00Sociology Research Paper Example A sociology research paper example has been designed for the sake of creating the general insight of the model paper for a sociology topic. This sample may serve as a useful guide to everyone who wants to try himself/herself in the research area. Sometimes, the process of writing a research paper is a challenge for writers who have not done similar studies before or have the lack of knowledge how a sociology research paper needs to be laid out. For that reason, a sociology research paper example will represent a standard format of the research paper written according to stylistic norms and omitting hidden pitfalls. Afterward, the reader will have the opportunity to observe different writing techniques that help to create an effective, easy flowing, and interesting sociology research paper, which tests the hypotheses along with predictions from oneââ¬â¢s theory and built upon the othersââ¬â¢ findings. Social Inequality Introduction Today, American society faces many social inequalities based on social control along with stratification, race, and gender. Although there is a broad range of social inequalities, gender discrimination is the biggest issue among the others. This type of discrimination takes place in the working area, sports, and in media. By the way, it is hard to overcome this social issue that has been put upon men and women without getting acquainted with the difference between the term of equality and inequality. Statement of Problem Hypotheses Development The current sociology research aims to benefit the public. In particular, the study depends on the social problems occurring in an American community. Different aspects of sociological theories will contribute to the new way of sociology development and inspiring society. The core purpose of this research paper is to determine the main difference between identity and social inequality problem which is continually growing in the USA. From theoretical formulation, the central hypothesis states that there are many differences between social inequality and equality; however, both terms do not differ by the opposite meanings. Methods This research paper represents a conceptual view. Findings According to the findings, inequality is not the opposite term to the term equality. The reason of such concluding remark is because all people are different. The study identifies the equality as a zero point of the total range of inequality. Further, the findings underline that socially recognized differences provoke the existence of absolute. According to the results of the study, there are nine different inequality bases; hence, equality is just the balance of all inequalities. Discussion Actually, it is not that simple to define the total equality. By contrast, the complexity of inequalities affects the recognition of the total equality. In this insight, the zero point of the term inequality is in some way unattainable. On the other hand, the real problem could be related to the real extent of existed inequality that should be reduced. Conclusion All things considered, social inequality is the real issue of the modern US community. In addition, the terms of equality and inequality are different but not opposite. For that reason, the rise of equality does not mean the automatic growth of mobility. Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-69109706542167130982020-01-01T09:26:00.001-08:002020-01-01T09:26:02.673-08:00Outline and Assess Feminist Views of Crme and Deviance. Outline and assess Feminist views on crime and deviance. (50) Within Feminism itself there are many different approaches to crime and deviance including Liberalism, Radicalism and Post-modernism. Each of them believes that crime, or the lack of crime, is a result of the patriarchal dominance in society. Feminists believe that the patriarchy generates crime against women whilst discouraging deviancy amongst women. The official crime statistics show that men tend to commit more crime than women, and some Feminists would agree with this. One theory put forward is that this is because of the differential socialisation of males and females. Oakley argues that males are socialised to be aggressive, self-seeking and individualistic, whichâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦A major criticism is that most female criminals are working class and they have not been hit by womenââ¬â¢s liberation. This can be explained in detail by Carlen. Carlen adopts Hirschiââ¬â¢s control theory when explaining crime, which assumes that humans are essentially rational and they will turn to crime when the advantages seem to outweigh the disadvantages and are more appealing than the likely rewards of conformity. Carlen argues that the working-class background is fairly typical of female offenders convicted of more serious crimes. According to Carlen, working class women have been controlled through the promise of rewards stemming from the workplace and the family. She identified the ââ¬Ëclass dealââ¬â¢, which offers a decent standard of living for women who work, and the ââ¬Ëgender dealââ¬â¢, which offers material and emotional rewards to women who conform to conventional domestic gender roles. In terms of the class deal, the women in Carlenââ¬â¢s study failed to find a legitimate way of earning a decent living. In terms of the gender deal, some had been abused by partners/fathers. They had gained nothing from either deal and so felt they had nothing to lose by using crime to escape from poverty. This idea of a rational calculation of the advantages and disadvantages of crime runs parallel with the Rational Choice Theory offered to us by Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-85950789249183085972019-12-24T05:11:00.001-08:002019-12-24T05:11:03.661-08:00Dr. Sharon Hertz is a trained neurologist who is currently... Dr. Sharon Hertz is a trained neurologist who is currently a supervisory medical officer with the Food and Drug Administration. She works in the Division of Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Addition Products (DAAAP) in the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. By having background in clinical practice, as well as nearly 15 years with the FDA, she as a unique perspective on public health that includes both individual treatment as well as broad public policies. In her position in DAAAP, Dr. Hertz acts as a deputy director of the division and a direct supervisor for ten physicians and oversees the work of chemists, animal pharmacologists and toxicologists, clinical pharmacologists, physicians, and statisticians. The division as a whole providesâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Dr. Hertz is often called upon to give presentations within her agency or to outside groups including non-profits and the media. Over the long term, she helps to set policy requirements for drug approvals, safety monito ring and safety programs for analgesic products. During the government shutdown in October, it became clear that being a federal employee is not always easy and it is a position that can be vastly different from being a private employee. Dr. Hertz echoed this sentiment by saying that the current budget sequestration and government shutdown indicate the largest difficulties that federal workers face. In her mind, Dr. Hertz believes that federal employees have recently been used as political pawns that have been used by a heavily divided Congress who is often unable of collaboration. She also believes that this use may lead to long-term implication on the federal workforce. Seeing federal workers and the federal budget used in an unfair manner is not only demoralizing to current workers, but has also seriously affected recruitment and retention efforts for qualified candidates who worry about the long-term viability of a career in the federal government. Dr. Hertz indicated that Congr ess needs to stop violating federal workers in this way if they desire to continue to have a force of intelligent, hard-working federal employees to support the actions of our nation. Like thousands of others, Dr. HertzShow MoreRelatedFda Policies5132 Words à |à 21 PagesU.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drug review bears a structural similarity to many decisions made by other regulatory agencies: high uncertainty, low reversibility, avoidance of observable error, and high political stakes that induce lobbying by interested parties. 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The general purpose of The Food and Drug Act was to have aRead MoreThe And Drug Administration ( Fda )1460 Words à |à 6 PagesBackground and Introduction: Clinical trials evaluating the use of Yttrium-90 (Y-90) transarterial radioembolization for hepatic tumors date back to the 1960s. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of TheraSphereà ® (BTG, Ontario, Canada) particles for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) via humanitarian device exemption (HDE) in 1999 and SIR-Spheresà ® (SIRTex Technology Pty, Lane Cove, Australia) particles for colorectal cancer metastases in 2002. Since thenâ⬠¦.[talk more about recentRead MoreFda Research Paper2360 Words à |à 10 PagesFDA Drug Approval Process Tricia Garbuzovas COM/172 October 5, 2011 Cassandra Baker FDA Drug Approval Process Americans must wait up to 19 years after a discovered treatment before they can participate in benefits of a new medication (Philipson Sun, 2008). The regulatory process drug manufacturers need to endure before releasing potentially life-saving medication is an extremely expensive, time-consuming process. The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) is the main department Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-13212536928278519102019-12-16T01:41:00.001-08:002019-12-16T01:41:04.548-08:00Mini Project Free Essays string(160) " was a major advance in the ability of machines to faithfully reproduce complex part machining steps more accurately without human intervention or variability\." CONTENTS 1| ABSTRACT| | 2| ABBREVIATION| | 3| INTRODUCTION TO NC AND CNC| 4| 4| HISTORY| 7| 5| CNC SYSTEM ELEMENTS| 10| 6| WORING ON CNC MACHINES| | 7| BASIC CONCEPTS OF PART PROGRAMMING| 16| 8| TYPES OF CNC MACHINES| 18| 9| PROPERTIES OF CNC MACHINES| 20| 10| DRILLING AND TAPPING ON CNC| 35| 11| APPLICATIONS OF CNC MACHINES| 49| 12| ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CNC| 51| 13| CONCLUSION| 52| LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO 1| Hydrotel Milling Machine| 5| 2| Chiron CNC Machine| 5| 3| CNC Lathe Machine| 6| | CNC elements block diagram| 10 | 5| Point to Point tool path| 11| 6| Contour Tool Path| 12| 7| Continuous path tool movements| 18| 8| Continuous path controllers| 19| 9 | Schematic Illustrations of components(a)An open loop(b)A closed loop control| 19| 10| CNC Lathe| 21| 11| CNC Grinders| 21| 12| CNC Drilling| 22| 13| CNC Boring machine| 22| 14| Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM)| 23| 15| Laser cutting machine tools| 23| 16| Flat bed CNC Lathe| 25| 7| Slant bed CNC Lathe| 25| 18| CNC To ol Turrent| 26| | | | | | | | | | | | | 28| Different tools in Drilling machines| 26| 20| Tool Holders| 27| 21| CNC with Fanuc control| 28| 22| CNC setter| 29| 23| Override Speed setter| 31| 24| CNC Backlash| 32| 25| Sensitive Drilling machine| 37| 26| Radial drilling machine| 38| 27| Up-right Drilling machine| 38| 28| Drill materials| 39| 29| Tool nomenclature| 40| 30| Tool holding devices| 41| 31| Various operations of drilling machines| 42| 32| Counter Boring| 43| 33| Counter sunk| 43| 34| Spot Facing| 43| 35| Hands Taps| 46| 36| Holding Devices| 48| 7| Types of Clamps and C- Clamps| 49| 38| Products used in Aerospace Industry| 49| 39| 5 Axis CNC Milling machine| 50| 3. INTRODUCTION TO NC AND CNC Numerical controlà (NC) refers to theà automationà ofà machine toolsà that are operated by programmed commands encoded on a storage medium, controlled manually via hand wheels or levers, or mechanically automated via cams alone. The first NC machines were built in the 1940s and 1950s. We will write a custom essay sample on Mini Project or any similar topic only for you Order Now These early servomechanisms were rapidly augmented with analog and digital computers, creating the modernà computer numerical controlà (CNC) machine tools that have revolutionized theà machiningà processes. The program is translated into the appropriate electrical signals for input to motors that run the machine. A CNC machine is an numerical control machine with the added feature of an on board computer. The computer is referred to as the machine control unit (MCU). In modern CNC systems, component design is highly automated usingà computer-aided designà (CAD) andà computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) programs. The programs produce a computer file that extracts the commands needed to operate a particular machine, and then loaded into the CNC machines for production. Since any component might require the use of a number of different tools-drills, saws, etc. , modern machines often combine multiple tools into a single ââ¬Å"cellâ⬠. The Evolution of NC It was in 1947 when numerical control was born. It began when John C. Parsons of the Parsons Corporation, Traverse City, Michigan, a manufacturer of helicopter rotor blades, could not make his templates fast enough. So, he invented a way of coupling computer equipment with a jig borer. Mr. Parsons used punched cards to operate his digit Ron system. 1949 was the year of another ââ¬Å"Urgent needâ⬠. The U. S. Air Material command realized that parts for its planes and missiles were becoming more complex. Also, as the designs were constantly being improved, changes in the drawing were frequently made. Thus, in their search for methods of faster production, an Air Force study contract was awarded to the Parsons Corporation. The servo mechanisms laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was the subcontractor. In 1951, MIT took over the complete job, and in 1952, the prototype of todayââ¬â¢s NC machine, a modified Cincinnati Hydrotel Milling Machine, was successfully demonstrated. The numerical control was originated at MIT. Fig:1 Fig:2 CNC MACHINES CNC stands for Computer Numerically Controlled. CNC refers to how a machine operates, that is, its basic method of controlling movement, e. g. , a CNC machine uses a stream of digital information (code) from a computer to move motors and other positioning systems in order to guide a spindle or other tooling over raw material. A CNC machine uses mathematics and coordinate systems to understand and process information about what to move, to where, and how fast. Most CNC machines are able to move in three controlled directions at once. These directions are called axes and are given simple names such as X, Y and Z (based on the Cartesian Co-ordinate System). The X axis is always the longest distance a machine or a part of a machine must travel. X may be the movement from front to back, Y the movement from left to right, and the Z is almost always vertical movement (normally the spindleââ¬â¢s positioning movement up and down). Superior Machinery sells many types of CNC Machines, from CNC Horizontals, CNC Verticals to CNC Lathes; they have over 182 CNC Machines to choose from. A CNC machine must be able to communicate with itself to operate. A computer numeric control unit sends position commands to motors. The motors must talk back to the control that, indeed, they have acted correctly to move the machine a given distance. The ability of CNC machines to move in three (or more) directions at once allows them to create almost any desired pattern or shape. All of this processing happens very fast, accurately and consistently. 4. HISTORY Fig:3 In 1775, John Wilkinson- cannon boring machine (lathe). In 1881, Eli Whitney- milling machine. In 1947, Mr. John Parsons began experimenting for using 3-axis curvature data to control the machine tool motion for the production for aircraft components. In 1949, parsons- first NC machine. In 1951, MIT was involved in the project. In 1955, after refinements NC became available in industry . Today, modern machineries are CNC milling machines and lathes. CNC technology was developed in the United States in the 1950? s for the US Air Force by metalworking machine tool builders. It was a major advance in the ability of machines to faithfully reproduce complex part machining steps more accurately without human intervention or variability. You read "Mini Project" in category "Papers" Numerical control (NC) refers to the automation of machine tools that are operated by abstractly programmed commands encoded on a storage medium, as opposed to manually controlled via handwheels or levers, or mechanically automated via cams alone. The first NC machines were built in the 1940s and 1950s, based on existing tools that were modified with motors that moved the controls to follow points fed into the system on punched tape. These early servomechanisms were rapidly augmented with analog and digital computers, creating the modern computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools that have revolutionized the machining processes. In modern CNC systems, end-to-end component design is highly automated using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) programs. The programs produce a computer file that is interpreted to extract the commands needed to operate a particular machine via a postprocessor, and then loaded into the CNC machines for production. Since any particular component might require the use of a number of different tools-drills, saws, etc. , modern machines often combine multiple tools into a single ââ¬Å"cellâ⬠. In other cases, a number of different machines are used with an external controller and human or robotic operators that move the component from machine to machine. In either case, the complex series of steps needed to produce any part is highly automated and produces a part that closely matches the original CAD design. Proliferation of CNC The price of computer cycles fell drastically during the 1960s with the widespread introduction of useful minicomputers. Eventually it became less expensive to handle the motor control and feedback with a computer program than it was with dedicated servo systems. Small computers were dedicated to a single mill, placing the entire process in a small box. PDP-8? s and Data General Nova computers were common in these roles. The introduction of the microprocessor in the 1970s further reduced the cost of implementation, and today almost all CNC machines use some form of microprocessor to handle all operations. The introduction of lower-cost CNC machines radically changed the manufacturing industry. Curves are as easy to cut as straight lines, complex 3-D structures are relatively easy to produce, and the number f machining steps that required human action have been dramatically reduced. With the increased automation of manufacturing processes with CNC machining, considerable improvements in consistency and quality have been achieved with no strain on the operator. CNC automation reduced the frequency of errors and provided CNC operators with time to perform additional tasks. CNC automation also allows for more flexibility in the way parts are held in the manufacturing process and the time required to change the machine to produce different components. During the early 1970s the Western economies were mired in slow economic growth and rising employment costs, and NC machines started to become more attractive. The major U. S. vendors were slow to respond to the demand for machines suitable for lower-cost NC systems, and into this void stepped the Germans. In 1979, sales of German machines surpassed the U. S. designs for the first time. This cycle quickly repeated itself, and by 1980 Japan had taken a leadership position, U. S. sales dropping all the time. Once sitting in the #1 position in terms of sales on a top-ten chart consisting entirely of U. S. ompanies in 1971, by 1987 Cincinnati Milacron was in 8th place on a chart heavily dominated by Japanese firms. Many researchers have commented that the U. S. focus on high-end applications left them in an uncompetitive situation when the economic downturn in the early 1970s led to greatly increased demand for low-cost NC systems. Unlike the U. S. companies, who had focused on the highl y profitable aerospace market, German and Japanese manufacturers targeted lower-profit segments from the start and were able to enter the low-cost markets much more easily. As computing and networking evolved, so did direct numerical control (DNC). Its long-term coexistence with less networked variants of NC and CNC is explained by the fact that individual firms tend to stick with whatever is profitable and their time and money for trying out alternatives is limited. This explains why machine tool models and tape storage media persist in grandfathered fashion even as the state of the art advances. 5. CNC SYSTEM ELEMENTS A typical CNC system consists of the following six elements. 1 Part program 2 Program input device 3 Machine control unit 4 Drive system 5 Machine tool 6 Feedback system Fig:4 6. WORKING OF CNC MACHINES: CNC machines are Controlled by G and M codes. These are number values and co-ordinates. Each number or code is assigned to a particular operation. Typed in manually to CAD by machine operators. GM codes are automatically generated by the computer software. The tool or material moves. Tools can operate in 1-5 axes. Larger machines have a machine control unit (MCU) which manages operations. Movement is controlled by a motor (actuators). Feedback is provided by sensors (transducers) Closed loop. Tool magazines are used to change tools automatically. Tool Paths and Cutting à Motions: Tool paths describe the route the cutting tool takes. Motion can be described as point to point, or contouring. Speeds are the rate at which the tool operates e. g. rpm. Feeds are the rate at which the cutting tool and work piece move in relation to each other. Expressed in IPM (inches per minute) Feeds and speeds are determined by cutting depth, material and quality of finish needed. e. g . harder materials need slower feeds and speeds. Rouging cuts remove larger amounts of material than finishing cuts. Rapid traversing allows the tool or work piece to move rapidly when no machining is taking place. Fig:6 Point to Point Tool path Fig:5Contour ToolPath 1. Point to Point tool paths cut following lines 2. Contour tool paths cut follow surfaces Linear Interpolation: (Point to Point) Linear interpolation consist of a programmed point linked together by straight line Fig:7 Circular Interpolation: (Contour) Circular interpolation is the process of programming arcs and circles. Circular interpolation requires endpoints, a feed rate, a center, a radius, and a direction of movement. Block of Information: When running, a part program is interpreted one command line at a time until all lines are completed. Fig:8 N001 G01 X1. 2345 Y. 06789 MO3 N001:Represents the sequence number of the operation G01: Represents linear operation (tool movement) X12345: Will move the tool or table 1. 2345 in. a positive direction along the X axis Y6789:Will move the tool or table 0. 6789 in. along the Y axis M03:Turns spindle on clockwise Commands, which are also referred to as blocks, are made up of words which each begin with a letter address and end with a numerical value. Each letter address relates to a specific machine function. ââ¬Å"Gâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Mâ⬠letter addresses O-Program number (Used for program identification) N-Sequence number (Used for line identification) G-Preparatory function X-X axis designation Y-Y axis designation Z-Z axis designation R-Radius designation F-Feed rate designation S-Spindle speed designation H-Tool length offset designation D-Tool radius offset designation T-Tool Designation M-Miscellaneous function G- CODES (Preparatory Functions) which cause some movement of the machine table or head. G00 ââ¬â Rapid Movement G01- Linear Interpolation (movement) G02- Circular Interpolation, CW G03- Circular Interpolation, CCW G17 -XY Plane,G18- XZ Plane,G19 -YZ Plane G20/G70 -Inch units G21/G71 -Metric Units G40- Cutter compensation cancel G41 -Cutter compensation right G43- Tool length compensation (plus) G43- Tool length compensation (plus) G44- Tool length compensation (minus) G49-Tool length compensation cancel G80-Cancel canned cycles G81-Drilling cycle G82-Counter boring cycle G83-Deep hole drilling cycle G90-Absolute positioning G91- Incremental positioning M-CODES (Miscellaneous) which turn ON or OFF different functions M00 -Program stop M01 -Optional program stop M02 -Program end M03- Spindle on clockwise M04 -Spindle on counterclockwise M05- Spindle stop M06- Tool change . BASIC CONCEPTS OF PART PROGRAMMING Part programming contains geometric data about the part and motion information to move the cutting tool with respect to the worpiece. Basically, the machine receives instructions as a sequence of blocks containing commands to set machine parameters; speed, feed and other relevant information. A block is equivalent to a line of codes in a part program. N 135 G01 X1. 0 Y1. 0 Z0. 125 T01 F5. 0 These define: N135-Block number G01-G codes X1. 0, Y1. 0, Z0. 125-Coordinates T01-Tool number F5. 0-Special function Programming Methods Automatically Programmed Tools (APT): A text based system in which a programmer defines a series of lines, arcs, and points which define the overall part geometry locations. These features are then used to generate a cutter location (CL) file. Computer Aided Machining (CAM) Systems-Computer Aided Design (CAD) Systems: CAD/CAM systems allow for rapid development and modifying of designs and documentation. The 3D geometric model produced becomes a common element for engineering analysis (FEA), machining process planning (including CNC part programming, documentation (including engineering drawings), quality control, and so on. Drives of CNC machine tool Hydraulic actuator ââ¬â high power machine tool Stepping motor ââ¬â small machine due to limited power and torque DC motor ââ¬â excellent speed regulation, high torque, most widely used. 8. PROPERTIES OF CNC MACHINES Based on Motion Type: Motion control ââ¬â the heart of CNC: Point-to-Point or Continuous path Based on Control Loops: Open loop or Closed loop Based on Power Supply: Electric or Hydraulic or Pneumatic Based on Positioning System: Incremental or Absolute Point-to-Point Tool Movements: Point-to-point control systems cause the tool to that point only. The tool is not in continuous contact with the part while it is moving. Examples: drilling, reaming, punching, boring and tapping. Fig:9 Continuous-Path Tool Movements : Continuous-path controllers cause the tool to maintain continuous contact with the part as the tool cuts a contour shape. These operations include milling along any lines at any angle, milling Fig:10 Arcs and lathe turning. Loop Systems for Controlling Tool Movement: Schematic illustration of the components of (a) an open-loop and (b) a closed-loop control system for a CNC machine. 9. TYPES OF CNC MACHINES * Lathe Machine * Milling Machine Drilling Machine -The bench drill -The pillar drill * Boring Machine * Grinding Machine CNC Mills: These machining centers use computer controls to cut different materials. They are able to translate programs consisting of specific number and letters to move the spindle to various locations and depths. Used to make 3D prototypes, moulds, cutting dies, printing plates and sights. CN C Lathes: They cut metal that is often turning at fast speeds. CNC lathes are able to make fast ,precision cuts using Indexable tools and drills with complicated programs. Normally, they cannot be cut on manual lathes. They often include 12 tool holder sand coolant pumps to cut down on tool wear. Fig:11 CNC Grinders: Grinding metal process uses a coated wheel that slowly removes metal to create a part. Through the years, grinding was done on a manual machine, but with the advent of CNC technology, the grinding process has advanced . Fig:12 CNC DRILLING: Drilling is commonly used for mass production. The drilling machine (drilling press) is used to create or enlarge holes. The bench drill: For drilling holes through raw materials such as wood, plastic and metal The pillar drill: A larger version that stands upright on the floor. As the bench drill, it can be used to drill larger pieces of materials and produce bigger holes. Fig:13 CNC Boring: Process of enlarging an existing hole or internal cylindirical surface. This can be accomplished on a lathe or a machine tool specifically designed for the process, such as a horizontal boring machine. Fig:14 Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM): Wire EDM machines utilize a very thin wire (. 0008 to . 012in. ) as an electrode. The wire is stretched between diamond guides and carbide that conduct current to the wire and cuts the part like a band saw. Material is removed by the erosion caused by a spark that moves horizontally with the wire. Fig:15 Laser Cutting Machines: The machine utilizes an intense beam of focused laser light to cut the part. Material under the beam experiences a rapid rise in temperature and is vaporized. Laser cuts with a minimum of distortion, no mechanical cutting forces. Specific tools to perform different Operations: Fig:16Fig:17 CNC lathe machine tool turret is part of the CNC machine where all tooling is mounted. CNC lathe tool turret has an integral Disk like part (Tool turret disk) on which all the tools are mounted. CNC lathe tool turret is mounted on the x-axis carriage. Fig:18 Slant Bed CNC Lathe / Flat Bed CNC Lathe On some CNC lathe machines x-axis carriage with the tool turret is located behind the spindle (such cnc lathe machines are calledà slant bed cnc lathe machines) and on other cnc lathe it is located at the front (as normal lathe machines) such cnc lathe machines are calledà flat bed cnc lathe machine. The below is a Slant Bed CNC Lathe Machine. Fig:19 Fig:20 CNC Lathe Tool Turret Tool Capacity: Tool capacity for cnc lathe machines varies machine to machine. Small CNC lathe machines normally comes with a tool turret capacity of 4 or 8 tools stations. Bigger andà heavy CNC lathe machines tool turrets are big and heavy and accordingly will hold more tools such as 12 or more. Fig:21 Tool Holder: Tool holder is the actual part which fastensà the tool to the cnc lathe tool turret Disk. Tool holder size also depends upon the cnc lathe tool turret size, heavy CNC late machine tool turret comes with with big bore for tool holders such as 50 mm diameter. For the small tool turret this might be 40 mm diameter or, less to suit the tool to hold. Fig:22 CNC Lathe Tool Turret Rotation CNC lathe tool turret rotates with the cnc program commands. Normally a letter ââ¬Å"Tâ⬠is used to call a tool in the working position. The tool rotation is dependent on cnc lathe machine. Some cnc lathe tool turret rotate in one direction (CW or CCW ). Some cnc lathe tool turret rotates both directions, such tool turret direction is optimized for the nearest tool station. Some cnc lathe give full control over tool call up, you can call by optimized direction or you can call tool by rotating tool turret by CW direction or CCW. Tool Offset in CNC Lathe with Fanuc Control Fig:23 There are variety of cnc machines in the market, and almost every cnc machine in aà cnc workshopà has different kind of cnc machine controls if controls are not different they might have different versions of the same cnc machine control. As the operating of different cnc machines controls is very much different from one another the same wayà Tool Offsettingà is very much different. Here I will discuss the cnc tool measurement on Fanuc. Tool Offset Setting on Fanuc TC Some cnc machines has some kind of built-in mechanism of tool-offsetting, this built-in mechanisn of tool-offsetting makes adding new tools are changing existing tools a breeze, because you just tie-up the tool in the tool-post on theà cnc machine tool-turretà and just perform the procedure the cnc machine manufacture has given in the cnc machine operating and setting manual. Theà Fanucà controls such as Fanuc TC has this capability, Just tie up tool in the tool turret and perform a simple procedure and everything is done. The tool offsetting procedure might be different from version to version, But on Fanuc TC this procedure is simple as under. For tool offsetting of a new tool just tie up the tool in the tool post and inà MDI (Manual Data Input) Modeà call up the tool in the working position by entering the command T1, the T is for tool call up and 1 is tool number if you have your tool on another position you might change that with that tool number. Now change the cnc machine to Jog Mode and touch the tool cutting point to the finished component (already gripped in cnc machine jaws) face and bring the Tool-Geometry page and enter under the tool number the command MZ0 this command will clear any previous values and will measure the current toolââ¬â¢s tool-offset in Z-axis. Now touch the tool to aà known-diameterà on the component and again in the tool-geometry page enter the command MX50 you can enter the measured diameter value instead of 50. This way now we have calculated the tool-measurement on the Fanuc TC cnc machine control. CNC Dry Run Invaluable Tool for CNC Setter: Fig:24 It shows the power and the flexibility the cnc machine manufacturers and cnc control manufacturers give aà cnc machine setterà by integrating the Dry Runà on cnc machines. On some cnc machines the Dry Run is added as aà CNC Machine Modeà like Fanuc. On Fanuc cnc control you just select the Dry Run mode and cnc machine is now in Dry Run Mode. Introduction of Dry Run for CNC Machines Setting a new component on a cnc machine is not an easy job. You have to go through many important tasks like cnc machine zero offsetting (cnc machine shift value setting),tool offsetting of toolsà used on cnc machine etc. Now if you have completed these all tasks, now comes the time to run the cnc program for the first time, A really crucial and time consuming cnc task. A small negligence might be cause of an accident on cnc machine (tool breakage etc. . To make the first run easy and safe the cnc machine manufacturers and cnc control manufacturers provide us a way by which we can easily control the tools feed withà feed override. So now the cnc setter is a bit easy because he can now run all the tools with aà Safe Feed. Now cnc setter easily can lower the tool feed when he feels the tool is entering a bit danger zone, and easily can increase t he tool feed (to a rapid feed) when the tool is away from the component (so the time not go wasted with lower feed when tool is away from component). In Dry Run all the cnc blocks whether those are starting with G00 or G01 and otherà G-codeà like G02/G03 run with the same feed, which is controlled through Feed Override. On Fanuc the feed override is controlled throughà Handwheelà after feed override button press, and there also exists a Rapid Feed Button which if pressed during Dry Run Mode the cnc machine program block will run with Rapid Feed. One point must be cleared for Fanuc control is that feed override also works inà Auto Mode and Single Block Modeà but in such modes the feed override only controls G01/G02/G03 like G-code. But feed override will not control the G00 (Rapid Traverse). But in Dry Run Mode all the cnc program will run with the feed which is controlled through Feed Override. An introduction to cnc machine speed override and feed override controls and safety instructions which must be adhere to while working with cnc machine feed and speed override. CNC Machine Speed Override / Feed Override Introduction Normally you program the speed and feed this way, N10 G97 S1000 G95 F0. 3 Fig:25 Now for one reason or other you want to increase or decrease the speed or feed of the cnc machineà for some time, you definitely have a way to just alter theà cnc machine program, but there is one more suitable solution the Feed Override and Speed Override Controls. The feed override and speed override areà the most suitable and handy way to control theà cnc machine feed and speed through cnc control panel. You control the speed and feed in percentage. When the feed overrideà is 100% the actually feedà which is programmed will be active. But if the feed overrideà is 50% then the feedà will decrease by that ratio, now the machine tools will run with 50% of feed. So if youà have programmed 0. 5 mm/rev feed then with 100% the 0. 5 will be active, but for 50%à feed override the actually tool feed will be 0. 25 mm/rev. The same rule applies for speed override, for 100% the actual programmed speed will be active and spindle will revolveà with the actual programmed speed. Butà at 50% speedà override the spindle speed will drop by 50%. Feed Override Speed Override Minimum Maximum Values: Normally you can control speed override and feed override from 0% to 120%. At 0% speed override the spindle will stop rotating, and at 0% feed override the tool will stop working ( the tool will be stationary ). No doubtà 120% feedà override and speed override is justà safe. But some cnc machines give even more flexibility Ià have worked on a cnc machine which has its feed override 0% to 200%. Normal cnc machine has just 0% to 120% feedà override and speed override. Speed Override and Feed Override Safety Precautions Whenever handling the speed override and feed override always think about safety, safety of yourself, tool, machine, component and your surroundings. Never try to use the speed override and feed override if you donââ¬â¢t need it. Because when cnc programs are made the speed and feed is properly set for the machined component. The increase in feed or speed might break insert or even tool. CNC Backlash CNC Troubleshooting, In this category we will see the cnc machine from a different view (cnc machine maintenance), your feedback will really matter, and I hope you will share you knowledge and experience. I will talk about theà CNCà Backlashà which is found in cnc machine axis. * what is cnc backlash, * cnc backlash causes, * when to worry about cnc backlash, how to measure backlash, * How to resolve and compensate cnc backlash through hardware and cnc control software. Fig:26 *What is CNC Backlash? CNC Backlash is any kind of play which is found in cnc machine axis. or you might say, CNC Backlashà is non-movement of the cnc axis which occurs on axis reversal. *Causes of CNC Backlash? This play (backlash) might be due to * Clearance which is kept in mechanical parts to reduce friction. * As mechanical parts get loose with time. * As with time mechanical parts keep moving and rubbing each other and after long time they lose their actual shape and size. CNC Backlash Is already there A cnc machine axis move due to theirà Lead Screwà andà Lead Screw Nut. There is always kept a very minor backlash in the lead screw and lead screw nut to reduce damage and wear. *CNC Backlash When to Worry It is good if your cnc machine axis backlash is near 0. 0001? but not always possible, so 0. 0003? to 0. 0004? is acceptable. But if the amount of play in the lead screw and nut crosses this limit then there is the time to worry, and call up you mechanical maintenance guys. CNC Backlash How to Measure? CNC machine backlash can be measure with aà Dial Indicatorà attached to an Adjustable Stand. Put the stand on the cnc bed and direct the needle (plunger) of the dial indicator towards the axis which you want to measure. 1. Set the dial needle to 0. 0mm (zero). 2. Now move the axis in one direction 0. 5mm. Dial indicator should show 0. 5mm travel. 3. Now reverse the same axis 0. 5mm. If your dial indicator now goes back to 0. 0mm, then everything is okay. But otherwise, if on reversal the dial lags behind, then the amount the dial lags behind is the backlash. CNC Backlash How to Resolve? ( Backlash Compensation ) Now you have two choices the hardware way and software way to resolve cnc backlash. You first better choose the hardware way, because normally backlash is due to lead screw or lead screw nut wear, so better resolve the issue by tightening them a bit if they are loose than required, there are plenty of other hardware ways to cope with backlash. CNC controls also give us the ability to control (compensate) cnc backlash through their parameters. CNC Backlash Compensation through CNC Control Parameters How Much Successful? The better advice is that you resolve the issue by changing the lead screw (if possible) or lead screw nut, or just tightening them if they are loose might work, but otherwise CNC control parameters can be changed to compensate backlash, the cnc lathe machine I work on with fanuc control has the 0. 012mm set in its parameters as the backlash compensation for x-axis and z-axis. So such values can be changed to resolve the backlash issue. 10. DRILLING AND TAPPING ON CNC MACHINES Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in the work-piece by using a rotating cutter called DRILL. The machine used for drilling is called drilling machine. The drilling operation can also be accomplished in lathe, in which the drill is held in tailstock and the work is held by the chuck. The most common drill used is the twist drill. Drilling Machine It is the simplest and accurate machine used in production shop. The work piece is held stationary ie. Clamped in position and the drill rotates to make a hole. Types 1) Based on construction: Portable, Sensitive, Radial, up-right, Gang, Multi-spindle 2) Based on Feed: Hand driven ,Power driven Components of drilling machine: Spindle The spindle holds the drill or cutting tools and revolves in a fixed position in a sleeve. Sleeve The sleeve or quill assembly does not revolve but may slide in its bearing in a direction parallel to its axis. When the sleeve carrying the spindle with a cutting tool is lowered, the cutting tool is fed into the work: and when itââ¬â¢s moved upward, the cutting tool is withdrawn from the work. Feed pressure applied to the sleeve by hand or power causes the revolving drill to cut its way into the work a fraction of an mm per revolution. Column The column is cylindrical in shape and built rugged and solid. The column supports the head and the sleeve or quill assembly. Head The head of the drilling machine is composed of the sleeve, a spindle, an electric motor and feed mechanism. The head is bolted to the column. Worktable The worktable is supported on an arm mounted to the column. The worktable can be adjusted vertically to accommodate different heights of work or it can be swung completely out of the way. It may be tilted up to 90 degree in either direction, to allow long pieces to be end or angle drilled. Base The base of the drilling machine supports the entire machine and when bolted to the floor, provides for vibration-free operation and best machining accuracy. The top of the base is similar to the worktable and may be equipped with t- slot for mounting work too larger for the table. Hand Feed The hand- feed drilling machines are the simplest and most common type of drilling machines in use today. These are light duty machine that are operated by the operator, using a feed handled, so that the operator is able to ââ¬Å"feelâ⬠the action of the cutting tool as it cuts through the work piece. These drilling machines can be bench or floor mounted. Power feed The power feed drilling machine are usually larger and heavier than the hand feed ones they are equipped with the ability to feed the cutting tool in to the work automatically, at preset depth of cut per revolution of the spindle these machines are used in maintenance for medium duty work or the work that uses large drills that require power feed larger work pieces are usually clamped directly to the table or base using t ââ¬âbolts and clamps by a small work places are held in a vise. A depth ââ¬âstop mechanism is located on the head, near the spindle, to aid in drilling to a precise depth. Sensitive or Bench Drilling Machine * This type of drill machine is used for very light works. Fig. 1 illustrates the sketch of sensitive drilling machine. * The vertical column carries a swiveling table the height of which can be adjusted according to the work piece height. * The table can also be swung to any desired position. * At the top of the column there are two pulleys connected by a belt, one pulley is mounted on the motor shaft and other on the machine spindle. * Vertical movement to the spindle is given by the feed handle by the operator. * Operator senses the cutting action so sensitive drilling machine. Fig:27 Up-Right Drilling Machine * These are medium heavy duty machines. * It specifically differs from sensitive drill in its weight, rigidity, application of power feed and wider range of spindle speed. Fig. 2 shows the line sketch of up-right drilling machine. * This machine usually has a gear driven mechanism for different spindle speed and an automatic or power feed device. * Table can move vertically and radially. * Drill holes up to 50mm Fig:28 Radial Drilling Machine * It the largest and most versatile used for drilling medium to large and heavy work pieces. Radial drilling machine belong to power feed type. * The column and radial drilling machine supports the radial arm, drill head and motor. Fig. 3 shows the line sketch of radial drilling machine. * The radial arm slides up and down on the column with the help of elevating screw provided on the side of the column, which is driven by a motor. * The drill head is mounted on the radial arm and moves on the guide ways provided the radial arm can also be swiveled around the column. * The drill head is equipped with a separate motor to drive the spindle, which carries the drill bit. A drill head may be moved on the arm manually or by power. * Feed can be either manual or automatic with reversal mechanism. Drill Materials The two most common types are 1. HSS drill- Low cost 2. Carbide- tipped drills ââ¬â high production and in CNC machines Other types are: Solid Carbide drill, TiN coated drills, carbide coated masonry drills, parabolic drills, split point drill. Fig. 4 shows various types of drills. Drill fixed to the spindle Fig:30 Tool Nomenclature: Fig. 31 Nomenclature of twist drill Tool holding devices Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 shows the different work holding and drill drift device. The different methods used for holding drill in a drill spindle are * By directly fitting in the spindle hole. * By using drill sleeve * By using drill socket * By using drill chuck Fig:32 Drilling operations: Operations that can be performed in a drilling machine are * Drilling * Reaming * Boring * Counter boring * Countersinking * Tapping Drilling: It is an operation by which holes are produced in solid metal by means of revolving tool called ââ¬ËDrillââ¬â¢. Fig. 9 shows the various operations on drilling machine. Reaming: Reaming is accurate way of sizing and finishing the pre-existing hole. Multi tooth cutting tool. Accuracy of 0. 005mm can be achieved. Boring: Boring is a process of enlarging an existing hole by a single point cutting tool. Boring operation is often preferred because we can correct hole size, or alignment and can produce smooth finish. Boring tool is held in the boring bar which has the shank. Accuracy of 0. 005mm can be achieved. Fig. 33 Various operations on drilling machine Counter Bore :- This operation uses a pilot to guide the cutting action to accommodate the heads of bolts. Fig. 10 illustrates the counter boring, countersunk and spot facing processes. Countersink:- Special angled cone shaped enlargement at the end of the hole to accommodate the screws. Cone angles of 60à °, 82à °, 90à °, 100à °, 110à °, 120à ° Fig. 34 Counter boring, countersunk and spot facing Drillingà machines are tools that have a rotating, cutting component at one end that bores holes into different materials. There are several types ofà drillingà machines that may be used for a wide variety of purposes, including woodworking, construction,à masonry, metalworking, medicine, oilà drilling, and many other fields. Common drills include the hand drill, push drill, pistol-grip drill, hammer drill, andà drill press. In addition to making holes, drills are often used to push screws into wood, metal, plastic, rock, or composites. The hand drill and push drill are both manually operatedà drillingà machines that have been largely replaced by power drills. A hand drill works by turning a crank that rotates gears, which cause the chuck to turn. The chuck is the component of theà drillingà machineà that holds the bit, or the end cutting piece. The push drill is a skinny tool resembling a screwdriver with a handle that can be pushed down on a threaded shaft, or a pole with helical ridging. As the handle is pushed down along threading, the shaft, chuck, and bit spins downward, much like pumping a toy metal top. Pistol-grip drills are the most commonly usedà drillingà machines. These are corded electric drills that are typically shaped roughly like a pistol, with a trigger switch that starts a motor inside the drill. The motor causes the chuck and bit to spin in continuous revolutions. These drillingà machines may be used to make holes for bolts or other purposes, to push screws into wood, plastic, or other materials, and to bore countersinks. Aà countersinkà is a screw-shaped hole that is made before the screw is drilled in, preventing splintering or pulling of the plastic or wood around the head of the screw. A pistol-grip drill is also available in a battery-powered, cordless version, though they are usually more expensive. There are many different types of this drill and several indications for use. It is also possible to adapt the drill with an attachment, such as sanding or sawing components. A hammer drill, also called a rotary hammer, is similar to a pistol-grip drill, but also applies a punching motion to complement the rotational action of the bit. This hammering, forward force makes it useful for tougher materials, such as concrete or stone, that standard electric drills cannot cut through. For softer materials, however, the hammer drill may apply excessive force and a standard drill may be a better choice. A drill press is a type of drill that may stand on the floor or be mounted on a workbench. The base of theà machineà is bolted to the table or floor and a column rises up from the base to support the back of the head of the drill. The column also supports a table that can be adjusted in height between the head and the base. The spindle, a metal component that holds the chuck and drill bit, extends downward from the front of the head, parallel to the column. A larger distance between the spindle and column allows wood with a larger width to be drilled. An ââ¬Å"onâ⬠switch triggers the spindle to spin and levers attached to the head of the drill press move the spindle and chuck to move up or down. Theseà drillingà machines are suited for accurateà drilling, because the bit is fixed and the work can be secured to the table with clamps or a vise. ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â- Types Of Drill Bits Drill bits are tools used in making cylindrical holes. Various types of drill bits are designed for different uses. Drill bits are equipments or tools that are used in making cylindrical holes. Drill bits can also be referred to as a drilling machine. Drill bits are available in various drill types such as metal drills, gun drills, screw machine drills, core drills, step drills, spade drills, forstner drills, masonry drills, dental or surgical drills, wood bits, twist drills, drill blank taper drills and much more. They are designed to cut while doing a clockwise rotating motion. Several drill bits are coolant fed. They contain a channel or hole for directing the coolant fed near to the cutting edges. The split point drill heads of drill bits are used for chip clearance and for excellent centering. Drill bits can also be used in cutting aluminum, general-purpose metals, brass, copper, bronze, ceramic, and plastic, stainless steel, steel, wood, titanium and hardened materials. Various types of drill bits are designed for different uses. Listed below are some types of Drill Bits. Twist Drill: It drills holes in plastic, metal and wood. This drill is currently produced with a width covering a range from 0. 5 millimeters to 100 millimeters while its length is around 1000 millimeters. The most usual twist drill has a tip angle of 118 degrees. This is a proper angle for an extensive array of job. It also has a long series drill for extended length twist drills. It is not advisable to drill deep holes using this twist drill. Diamond Drill Bit: This particular drill is used in the bathroom for updating or remodeling. It is also used in redesigning your kitchen decoration. Furthermore, it is used on ceramic, glass, tile, limestone, stained glass, marble, fiberglass, porcelain, stone, slate and porcelain tile. When using this drill, the main concern is to obtain water at the edge of the drill bit. Drilling fiberglass may be done with or without water but make sure that the fiberglass has ample amount of water just to get the drill wet. Indexable Drill Bit: This provides an excellent performance in making short-hole drillings. Stainless steel is drilled 3x in diameter and only a short-hole must be done. Listed below are some other types of drill bits Adjustable Bit: This is built with a changeable cutter blade to bore holes of various sizes. It is also used for drilling gaps for wiring or piping. Around-the-corner bit: It is used to cut arched holes that are stretched in corners with a diagonal cutting surface. Auger Bits: This drill creates drill holes in wooden materials. The drill ends have a screw head so that the bits may be self fed. Brad-point drill: This drill looks almost the same as the usual bits but it has sharpened point to make wood drilling a lot easier. This drill has cleaner holes other than spade bits. Counterbore: The drill allows a screw to be driven under the wood outside. The holes that are drilled may be filled with a plug or wire. Drill Saw Bit: It is used to cut holes such as wood and metal and can enlarge current holes. Countersink: A drill that has an angled tip design that forms a ââ¬Å"slumpâ⬠in the screw head. Fly cutter: This one is often used to cut circles in wood and other soft metals. The diameter of circles may be adjusted by changing the cutter blade setting. Hole saw: It cut holes from one to six centimeters in diameter and has a center bit for directing the cutting blade edge of the saw. Reamer bit: The tapered bit of reamer may be used on existing holes rather than to enlarge holes. Screw pilot bit: This beautiful bit is used for drilling body holes. A pilot hole is used along with the countersink. Wire Brushes: It use to remove rust and to clean up metal and is available either as a wheel or a cup with wire brush. Plastic bit: This is designed with a tip so as to prevent splintering when drilling plastic. It is important to reduce the speed and slowly drill the other side of the plastic. Plug cutter: Use this to remove cylindrical shapes from the wood. It covers the screw using a small cylindrical plate. Tapping:- Tapping is the process by which internal threads are formed. It is performed either by hand or by machine. Minor diameter of the thread is drilled and then tapping is done. Fig. 11 show the tapping processes. Fig. 35 Hand taps and tapping process using tap wrench Fig. 36 Various operations performed on drilling machine Work Holding Devices 1. Machine Table Vice: The machine vice is equipped with jaws which clamps the work piece. The vice can be bolted to the drilling table or the tail can be swung around swung around. Fig. 13 shows the standard and swivel vice. The swivel vice is a machine wise that can be swivel through 360à ° on a horizontal plane. Fig:37 1. Step Blocks These are built to allow height adjustment for mounting the drilling jobs and are used with strap clamps and long T-slot bolts. 2. Clamps These are small, portable vises , which bears against the work piece and holding devices. Common types of clamps are C-clamp, Parallel clamp, machine strap clamp, U-clamp etc.. Fig. 14 shows the correct and incorrect methods of mounting the work piece. Fig:38 11. APPLICATION OF CNC MACHINES ? cutting ? drilling ? milling ? welding ? boring ? bending ? spinning ? pinning ? gluing ? sewing ? routing Its application in some industries like -Automotive Industry Aerospace Industry -Machinery Industry -Electrical Industry -Instrumentation Industry Automotive Industry Different Products Fig:39 Aerospace Industry Aircraft Turbine Machined by 5-Axis CNC Milling Machine Fig:40 12. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CNC -Ease of Use ? CNC machines are easier for beginners ? Operation of several CNC machines at same time ? Some CNC machines donââ¬â ¢t need any operator indeed call their operator in case of the emergencies. High Efficiency ? operate almost continuously 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Expanding Options ? Expand the machineââ¬â¢s capabilities with Software Changes and updates. No Prototyping ? new programmers provide elimination build a prototype, save time and money. Precision ? Parts are identical to each other. Reduce Waste ? Reduce waste as errors allows minimize wasted Material. Disadvantage of CNC Machines Cost CNC machinery: ? costs quite a lot more than conventional machinery. ? Does not eliminate the need for expensive tools. ? Expensive to repair. 13. CONCLUSION CNC machines which are applicable any type of processing. manufacturing anything is identical in shorter time. CNC machines provide many advantages. Many industries prefer using CNC machines. How to cite Mini Project, Papers Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-15872145536095569212019-12-07T22:23:00.001-08:002019-12-07T22:23:03.014-08:00Cyber Threat Assessment for Emirates Online â⬠Free Samples Question: Discuss about the Cyber Threat Assessment for Emirates Online. Answer: Introduction Cyber attacks and cyber threats are possibly the most pressing issue that has concerned the cyber-law enforcement agencies around the globe for past few years. Reports of cyber attacks have continued to occupy the headlines of every newspaper worldwide. The cyber law-breakers are always coming up with innovative methods and technologies to cause havoc in the cyber world and keep busy the guardians of cyber security (Singer and Friedman 2014). The agencies that are responsible for the protection of the cyber world are always involved in developing new strategies, methods and technologies to disrupt the actions of the cyber criminals. However, the cyber criminals seem to outdo the protectors every time at every instance (Robinson et al. 2013). This report serves the objective of informing Emirates Airlines regarding the cyber threats that are concerning the cyber vigilantes for the past two years. It also analyses and provides details on the impacts that such cyber threats may have on the organisation and its operations. Finally, the report provides suggestions on possible risk management measures that can be undertaken by the organisation to protect itself from such cyber assaults. Top Global Security Threats The past few years has seen an intense level of activity in cyber attacks around the globe that caused damage ranging from organisational to global. There has been an exponential growth in the frequency of cyber attacks lately. The attacks were carried out with different methods and technology that had different effects and results (Andress and Winterfeld 2013). The global law-enforcement organisations constantly analyse these attacks and compare their complexities with other types of attack. Based on the final report the most threatening attacks are identified every year. In 2015, the top 5 cyber security threats were identified to be ransomware, cyber risk related to the use of Internet of Things, Cyber espionage, Cyber theft, risks in BYOD (Choucri, Madnick and Ferwerda 2014). In 2016, the top 5 cyber threats were identified to be mobile payments and banking hacks, next-generation heartbleed, advanced phishing attacks, cyber election fraud and risks related to cyber insurance (Cho ucri, Madnick and Ferwerda 2014). In the year of 2017, the top five cyber threats has been identified as nation-state cyber attacks, ransomware attacks, distributed-denial-of-service attack, risks related to Internet of Things, Social Engineering and Human Error (Choucri, Madnick and Ferwerda 2014). Therefore, it is evident from the statement above that with the face of cyber threat changing rapidly each year, the list of top cyber threats is also inconsistent. However, some cyber threats are constantly bothering the cyber protectors for the last few years. The magnitude of impact of the cyber threats depend on the type of business it is affecting. In case of organisations dealing in airlines transport business such as the Emirates Airlines, certain cyber threats are identified that can cause the most damage to the business of the organisation. Five greatest cyber threats to organisations like Emirates are as given below. Ransomware Attack The most damage that can be caused to organisations like Emirates Airline is through coordinating a successful ransomware attack. A ransomware is a sort of malware that is designed specifically to prevent access of a user to a computer and demand ransoms in exchange of restoring the system to its previous state (Pathak and Nanded 2016). Most of the airline manufacturing organisations supply completely digitally equipped advanced airlines nowadays. Therefore, all of the airlines that are used by Emirates Airlines are digitally equipped that are used by the pilots to control the aircraft as well as establish contact with the Air Traffic Control (ATC) of the airfields (Brewer 2016). Now if a ransomware attack is coordinated on the organisation that prevents the pilots to communicate with the ATC while landing or taking off from the airfield or prevents them from controlling the aircraft, then the craft can suffer massive accident that can cause large amount of life loss as well as finan cial and reputational damage to the organisation. Risks due to Internet of Things The connectivity of all digital devices to the internet can sometimes prove to be fatal, especially in aviation industries. All the devices that are used in an aviation industry from the airlines to the offices of the organisation needs to stay connected with each other as communication is vital in an aviation business (Jing et al. 2014). In case a cyber attack is coordinated by releasing, a malware within the network to which all the devices are connected that disrupt the communication among the offices and the aircrafts; it can raise many issues from delay in services to compensating the affected passengers (Jing et al. 2014). Phishing Attacks A phishing attack is generally used to retrieve sensitive information from a system that can be used for the benefit of the attacker in another instance. A phishing attack coordinated on the data centres or systems of the organisation can retrieve sensitive official information that can fuel criminal activities at a later instance (Hong 2012). The data may contain details of the aircrafts that are presently used and their conditions and security features that can be used by terrorist or criminal organisations to conduct criminal activities such as hijacking the crafts. This can lead to huge financial loss to Emirates as well as may endanger the lives of many passengers (Hong 2012). DoS or DDoS attacks The purpose of Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is to deny a user to use the network services by flooding the network with repeated requests and congesting the network traffic (Bhuyan et al. 2013). A DoS or DDoS attack can congest the network in which the organisation maintains communication among its other departments. As a result, the communication will be disrupted within the organisation, which may cause in several operational issues (Bhuyan et al. 2013). Cyber Espionage Cyber espionage is similar to the phishing attack as it also serves the purpose of illegally obtaining confidential information from organisations or governments by using the network (Lewis and Baker 2013). Such attacks can retrieve sensitive information of the organisation like the details of the employees working in the organisation and their bank account details, which can be used for causing potential damage to the organisation or its people in terms of finance and reputation. Methods of Mitigating the Threats To mitigate the threats mentioned above the organisation needs to make certain reforms to the current IT infrastructure as well as implement some new methods and technologies for the same purpose. Initially, the organisation need to use updated systems with latest operating system and software that has lesser amount of bugs that can be exploited by malwares like ransomware to breach the system and take control of the same (Hua and Bapna 2012). The devices that are connected to a network need to have sophisticated security tools implemented so that it becomes difficult for the hackers to gain entry to the devices easily. This will mitigate the risks related to internet of things (Lewis and Baker 2013). The network to which the systems are connected in the organisation needs to have strong firewall incorporated, which will scan and detect any malicious package within the network and prevent it from entering any system. This will prevent attacks like phishing and cyber espionage. The Emirates can consider purchasing an enormous amount of bandwidth in the network of the organisation, which will reduce the possibility of DoS or DDoS attacks (Bhuyan et al. 2013). This is because, the more bandwidth the organisation have the more difficult it will become for the attacker to congest all the network traffic at the same time. In addition to this, the organisation can implement certain software services that provide products that can detect DoS and DDoS attacks. The Emirates can recruit third-party service providers who provide application suites that help in providing complete risk management solutions along with detailed information on the types of threats that can affect the organisation and their impact on the same (Hong 2012). Finally, the organisation needs to train its employees with proper knowledge of identifying the threats and what steps should be taken at the event of a cyber attack (Hua and Bapna 2012). Employee awareness is vital to fighting the threats to cyber security in any organisation. Sometimes, an attempt of cyber attack can be prevented by the timely action taken by an employee who is well informed about the mode of the attack and its preventive measures. Suggestions to Secure the Information Assets of Emirates The Emirates is an aviation industry that stores sensitive business information, which if exposed to cyber attackers, can cause great financial and reputational damage to the organisation. Some information can also fuel future criminal activities. That is why; the protection of the information assets of the company is of utmost priority for safeguarding the interest of the same. Some measures can be taken to ensure the security of the information assets as provided below: Primarily, the data that are stored in the local systems of the organisation need to be protected with digital authentication methods such as with passwords and digital signatures so that the data cannot be retrieved physically in absence of the legitimate user of the system (Peltier 2013). The systems should also be equipped with latest and upgraded security software so that the data cannot be collected remotely. The network must have strong firewall for the same reason (Andress and Winterfeld 2013). Finally, the organisation must avail the services of a trusted cloud service provider to store the data at remote logical storage systems that has advanced cyber defence measures. Cloud storage is one of the most reliable methods of storing sensitive data without running the risk of it being stolen, provided the service provider is legitimate (Pathak and Nanded 2016). The data stored in cloud storage systems are protected with advanced and updated security software and the network through which the data is transferred to the cloud is encrypted with latest encryption technology. Moreover, multiple backups of the data are created and stored in various remote locations, which makes loss of data almost impossible. Conclusion The report reaches the conclusion that an aviation company like the Emirates needs to defend their hard-earned reputation heavily from the cyber attackers whose actions can affect it severely. To do so, the organisation needs to make certain changes as well as undertake certain new measures to fight the threats to cyber security. References Andress, J. and Winterfeld, S., 2013. Cyber warfare: techniques, tactics and tools for security practitioners. Elsevier. Bhuyan, M.H., Kashyap, H.J., Bhattacharyya, D.K. and Kalita, J.K., 2013. Detecting distributed denial of service attacks: methods, tools and future directions. The Computer Journal, 57(4), pp.537-556. Brewer, R., 2016. Ransomware attacks: detection, prevention and cure. Network Security, 2016(9), pp.5-9. Choucri, N., Madnick, S. and Ferwerda, J., 2014. Institutions for cyber security: International responses and global imperatives. Information Technology for Development, 20(2), pp.96-121. Hong, J., 2012. The state of phishing attacks. Communications of the ACM, 55(1), pp.74-81. Hua, J. and Bapna, S., 2012. How can we deter cyber terrorism?. Information Security Journal: A Global Perspective, 21(2), pp.102-114. Jing, Q., Vasilakos, A.V., Wan, J., Lu, J. and Qiu, D., 2014. Security of the internet of things: Perspectives and challenges. Wireless Networks, 20(8), pp.2481-2501. Lewis, J. and Baker, S., 2013. The economic impact of cybercrime and cyber espionage. McAfee. Pathak, D.P. and Nanded, Y.M., 2016. A dangerous trend of cybercrime: ransomware growing challenge. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering Technology (IJARCET) Volume, 5. Peltier, T.R., 2013. Information security fundamentals. CRC Press. Robinson, N., Gribbon, L., Horvath, V. and Cox, K., 2013. Cyber-security threat characterisation. Singer, P.W. and Friedman, A., 2014. Cybersecurity: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press. Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-71882399229980428882019-11-30T10:05:00.001-08:002019-11-30T10:05:03.803-08:00Jimmy Carter Essays (306 words) - Jimmy Carter, Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter Economy can always make or break a president. President Jimmy Carter's was a Democrat whose administration, that lasted from 1977-1981, was burdened with a recessive economy from the beginning. Inflation was rising rapidly due to the worst oil embargo United States history has ever witnessed. All of these factors contributed to the national malaise sweeping over Americans. It was Carter's administration that began the process of deregulation and bureaucratic streamlining in hopes of courting moderate factions. He also expressed a desire to move the Democratic Party close to political middle ground to lessen the great divide. President Carter had many failures as well as attributes when it came to foreign policy. On November 4, 1979, in the United States Embassy in Iran, 52 Americans were seized by students who were angry with the Carter administration for allowing Iran's deposed shah into the United States to seek medical treatment. Carter's failure to negotiate their release and a devastating rescue attempt (in which eight United States Marines died) contributed to the nation's waning confidence in him. As well as the Iran hostage crisis, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan seemed to overwhelm his last two years of his administration, conveying an impression of the United States as weak and feeble. At the cornerstone of his foreign achievements was the accord Carter brokered between Prime Minister Menachem of Israel and President Anwar Sadat, of Egypt, that became known as the Camp David Accords of 1979. Another recognized achievement in foreign affairs was the signing of the Panama Canal Treaty in 1978. Though faced with an unstable economy, Carter succeeded in many other tasks. He managed to become an avid supporter of global peace and human rights. He raised $27 million to build The Carter Center, which envisioned ?conflict resolution? which promoted global peace and human rights. Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-22299416249797144842019-11-26T03:16:00.001-08:002019-11-26T03:16:05.956-08:00On the Value of Free AdviceOn the Value of Free Advice As a writer I get a steady stream of free advice from individuals who apparently understand my life far better than I. These individuals are mostly strangers, people who contact me Sometimes I get advice And do I heed their advice? Not yet. Probably never. For a writer to heed every little bit of advice she receives, whether from strangers, friends, or even family, is deadly. Writers must learn to eventually heed no advice but that of their own instincts. The marketplace will be the final barometer of how sound those instincts are. And that is the only barometer a writer needs. Martin Seligman, director of the University of Pennsylvaniaââ¬â¢s Positive Psychology Center, and developer of such concepts as learned helplessness, learned optimism, and authentic happiness, cautions that the only people worth taking advice from are those who have already achieved success in the area in which you aspire to be successful, and who are recognized as experts in their field. To give credence to all the non-experts would be like hiring a carpenter who has never pounded a nail, but has read a few books about how to pound a nail properly, to build your dream house. Or to have your appendix removed As a writer, editor, and writing mentor for the past thirty years, I encourage all my students and clients to adopt this same practice of ignoring the opinions of those who have not demonstrated that they know more about what constitutes good writing than they do. Such proof is not in any way related to the number of advanced degrees the individual holds, but to the success of oneââ¬â¢s publications in the marketplace. Back when I was still an aspiring writer, a man I looked up to suggested that my goal of being a writer was unrealistic for someone from the coal fields of rural Pennsylvania. When I wrote my third book, my first literary mystery, I was advised As an aspiring writer, there will always be naysayers eager to deter you. Sometimes they mean well and sometimes they donââ¬â¢t. Does that make a difference in how you should respond? When it comes to free advice, I prefer to remember the words of my very practical father: You get what you pay for. *** Randall Silviss many literary awards include the Drue Heinz Literature Prize, two fellowships from the NEA, a Fulbright Senior Scholar Research Award, and a Doctor of Letters degree bestowed for distinguished literary achievement. His 15th book, the novel Blood Ink, was recently declared a Kindle Scout winner and is available through Amazon. In addition to his novels, screenplays, and essays, he co-hosts a popular weekly podcast at TheWritersHangout.com, and teaches in the Seton Hill University MFA Program. His website can be found at randallsilvis.com. To sign up for Randallââ¬â¢s free monthly newsletter, which includes info about his work and news of interest to writers, send an email to silvisrandall@gmail.com with SUBSCRIBE in the subject box. Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-18872962042176111762019-11-22T10:39:00.001-08:002019-11-22T10:39:03.262-08:00Definition and Examples of English MorphologyDefinition and Examples of English Morphology Morphology is the branch of linguistics (and one of the major components of grammar) that studies word structures, especially regarding morphemes, which are the smallest units of language. They can be base words or components that form words, such as affixes. The adjective form isà morphological. Morphology Over Time Traditionally, a basic distinction has been made between morphology- which is primarily concerned with the internal structures of words- and syntax, which is primarily concerned with how words are put together in sentences. The term morphology has been taken over from biology where it is used to denote the study of the forms of plants and animals ... It was first used for linguistic purposes in 1859 by the German linguist August Schleicher (Salmon 2000), to refer to the study of the form of words, noted Geert E. Booij, in An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology. (3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 2012) In recent decades, however, numerous linguists have challenged this distinction. See, for example, lexicogrammar and lexical-functional grammar (LFG), which consider the interrelationship- even interdependence- between words and grammar. Branches of and Approaches to Morphology The two branches of morphology include the study of the breaking apart (the analytic side) and the reassembling (the synthetic side) of words; to wit, inflectional morphology concerns the breaking apart of words into their parts, such as how suffixes make different verb forms. ââ¬â¹Lexical word formation, in contrast, concerns the construction of new base words, especially complex ones that come from multiple morphemes. Lexical word formation is also called lexical morphology and derivational morphology. Author David Crystal gives these examples: For English, [morphology] means devising ways of describing the properties of such disparate items as a, horse, took, indescribable, washing machine, and antidisestablishmentarianism. A widely recognized approach divides the field into two domains: lexical or derivational morphology studies the way in which new items of vocabulary can be built up out of combinations of elements (as in the case of in-describ-able); inflectional morphology studies the ways words vary in their form in order to express a grammatical contrast (as in the case of horses, where the ending marks plurality). (The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2003) And authors Mark Aronoff and Kirsten Fuderman also discuss and give examples of the two approaches this way: The analytic approach has to do with breaking wordsà down, and it is usually associated with American structuralist linguistics of the firstà half of the twentieth century....No matter what language were looking at,à we need analytic methods that are independent of the structures we are examining; preconceived notions might interfere with an objective, scientific analysis. This is especially true when dealing with unfamiliar languages.The second approach to morphology is more often associated with theory than with methodology, perhaps unfairly. This is the synthetic approach. It basically says, I have a lot of little pieces here. How do I put them together? This question presupposes that you already know what the pieces are. Analysis must in some way precede synthesis. (Mark Aronoff and Kirsten Fudeman, What Is Morphology? 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011) Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-42558528470887802112019-11-20T22:45:00.001-08:002019-11-20T22:45:07.325-08:00Analysis and critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsAnalysis and critique - Essay Example The side effects, resistance to insecticides in vectors and cost-effectiveness of DDT were discussed (2009). He concludes that though there is limited implementation of DDT alternatives, however, more research needs to be done, as IVM will diminish dependence on DDT (2009, p. 1661). Van den Berg states that, when compared with other insecticides, DDT was once a cost effective method of vector control, however, that does not hold true any longer; even as early as 1998, the cost of DDT and other insecticides became almost equal, with DDT costs ranging from US$1.50-3.00 and other insecticides costing less than US$2.20 (2009, p. 1657-1658). Moreover, recent studies show that the risk of human exposure is great in those living in sprayed houses (2009, p. 1658), however, there is a dearth of such studies, e.g. no peer-reviewed data is available from India which is the biggest user of DDT (2009, p. 1658). Van den Berg points out that though the WHO is reassessing the health risks of DDT, however, progress in this regard is slow (2009, p. 1658). DDT is known to be a persistent molecule and, as such, it takes a long while for it to degrade. It does not run-off either, as it binds itself with the organic matter present in soils and aquatic sediment (van den Berg, 2009, p . 1658). The DDT molecules have been shown to cause a lot of harm in the environment; therefore, there is a need for other alternatives to be explored. Another disadvantage of continuing to use DDT is the insecticide resistance that has been reported in certain species of the vectors. Van den Berg states that though the resistance was developed as a consequence of the excessive use of DDT in the agricultural sector, however, it is further exacerbated by the use of synthetic pyrethroids (2009, p. 1658). Van den Berg has also given a list of certain alternatives to Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-16922391489995067742019-11-19T03:51:00.001-08:002019-11-19T03:51:03.520-08:00Role of School Uniforms in Public Schools Research Paper - 4Role of School Uniforms in Public Schools - Research Paper Example In this respect, unification of school uniform may serve as an appropriate way for mastering of pupilsââ¬â¢ management from the perspective of a great many negative aspects caused by schoolchildrenââ¬â¢s liberty of expression through clothing. Public schools requiring their students to wear uniforms aids in the elimination of gangs, school violence, bullying, and peer pressure, making it easy to identify intruders, and in the end, the school administration, parents, and student bodies can manage the students effectively. To begin with, it must be said that usage of school uniform as means for getting rid of numerous issues related to personal appearance is a really great way for maintenance of discipline, for there are particular psychologically efficient reasons, which finds their immediate result in a comfortable feeling of both students and teachers. As for schoolchildren, school uniform helps not to feel a difference between pupils of different social classes, since everybody wears clothes of the same quality, price, color, and model. At that very matter, no one stands out from the crowd by other virtue than personal qualities and talents. In fact, there is a beneficial back of such a state when students know that they are all equal and may manifest their individuality only by means of knowledge. Consequently, boys and girls place a bet on receiving of proficient attainments instead of spending plenty of time for preparing for the next school day in the aspect of a time-taking process of clothes choice. Academic progress as a direct result of usage of school uniform may serve as an evident proof of such an advantageous idea. Moreover, in reference to school authority, allowing public schools to mandate uniform wear for their students would aid the administration to enable more time spent on instructional leadership and less timeà spent on clothing-related conflicts, in turn making the endless back and forth between child, parents, and school.à Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-53899216891346192312019-11-16T16:22:00.001-08:002019-11-16T16:22:05.118-08:00Responsive Web Design Essay Example for Free Responsive Web Design Essay Ethan Marcotte, author of this original A List Apart article back in 2010, provided us with the concept of Responsive Web Design. Removing the need to develop multiple versions of the same site for different devices, its popularity led to the release of his book. Id like to share with you a few concepts of Responsive Web Design, allowing the content and structure of the website conform to that of the device or browser. Starting any layout, we typically rely on pixels. Measuring the width of our structure from the design document. Ethans concept suggests using percentages. Requiring a little more calculation, but otherwise fairly simple. Now since we do not want to simply shrink everything down, we combine this with the use of CSS Media Queries. These can be thought of as conditional CSS, allowing us to alter the structure as a whole when the browser size drops below a certain size. Check out this article for a more detailed explanation on media queries: http://css-tricks.com/css-media-queries/ Now since images dont adjust themselves into the containing structure like text does, we have to call on the use of JavaScript. We can save out two versions of the image, one optimized for mobile and another for browsers capable of larger sizes and resolutions. The JavaScript is then used to render the image proportionally and at the appropriate resolution. After hearing Ethan discuss this concept at Front-End design conference in 2011, fellow WDD instructors and I found ourselves very excited about it. Now most users do not actively resize their browser as they experience the web, but we found that we disliked that the continual re-render as you do. To this end, Ive created an alternate solution based off of Ethans original concept. Start off by building out your structure at the maximum size. Then, calculate out what the required minimum browser size is in order to view this correctly. Just as in the original concept, you add additional CSS using Media Queries to make adjustments. The difference is that you continue to use pixels instead of percentages. As any item can still be hidden, moved, or shrunk, this allows for a full range of layouts, ones which snap to place at certain intervals, rather than doing so continually. Now some may argue that if the users browser falls in-between these content sizes that screen real-estate is still being wasted. I am willing to concede this point, however feel this is minimal. The avoidance of any unwanted readability issues caused from the auto-format outweighs the negatives. Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7010781452848675343.post-26054021334534815092019-11-14T04:53:00.001-08:002019-11-14T04:53:02.863-08:00New Zealand :: essays research papers fcNEW ZEALAND à à à à à The country that I am doing for my report is New Zealand. New Zealand is made up of two Islands. The north and the south islands. It is located in the south pacific by Australia. à à à à à The first people to settle New Zealand came over from east Polynesia by canoe during the 10th century. These people were called the Maori. According to a Maori legend, a man may have arrived in New Zealand during about 950 ad, but this can not be proven. The Maori people lived on the Island on native fruits and vegetables and animals, and they also brought over plants and livestock from Polynesia. The Maori were usually peaceful, but sometimes had wars over the best land. They lived in earth-made structures similar to the adobes of Mexico. à à à à à The first European to sight New Zealand was Abel Tasman in 1642. The Maori people kept him from landing on the Islands. They attacked his ship by canoes and killed four of his sailors. He never returned to New Zealand. In 1769, an English explorer, Captain James Cook, was sent to New Zealand on a scientific investigation. He mapped all of the north and south Islands and made reports on trade and colonizing. These reports were good and attracted many people to New Zealand, including the French, Italian, and American explorers. By the 18th century, there were 180,000 Maori people on the north and south islands of New Zealand. During 1840, the treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British and the Maori people. It gave the British a right to colonize the Islands and trade with the Maori people. In 1907, the Islands were declared a dominion of Great Britain. In 1935, It was declared an independent country and was named New Zealand. à à à à à The present day government and standard of living in New Zealand is very much like that of the U.S. At one time the yearly income of New Zealanders was even better than the U.S. and Great Britain. The people of New Zealand have freedom of religion. The main religion in New Zealand is Christianity, even though there are Jehovah's Witnesses, Muslims, Amish, and many more. The Maori religion is also a major religion. The people of New Zealand have a mix between Britain and Australian accents. à à à à à The main exports of New Zealand are wool and dairy products. There are over 100,000 sheep in New Zealand. Quinn Hartmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13658195973950568882noreply@blogger.com0